355 10 3980 https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/c909c9502ad65fca85a34551d01407c9.jpg 38541d80b8fc916900bd4f42ead51c69 Omeka Image File The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files. Width 5093 Height 7019 Bit Depth 8 Channels 3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sherwood in Pictures Description An account of the resource Still Image A static visual representation. Examples of still images are: paintings, drawings, graphic designs, plans and maps. Recommended best practice is to assign the type "text" to images of textual materials. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Pioneers of Sherwood Description An account of the resource Early Family of Sherwood Pioneers of Sherwood https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/69526264b40cd39cd808a6b428ff34f2.jpg d7b34aa76fefc4e8d009bbe698e0f4df https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/4f2115505132a9cfb5c7e9f5d57e0f51.png f661be31a37721366f73bc6a72757391 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union City Veteran's Park Memorial Wall Description An account of the resource <div style="float: right; margin: 10px 0 0 5px;"><img style="background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; margin: -6px 6px 6px -6px; padding: 4px;" src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_montage.jpg" alt="Veterans Wall Montage" /></div> This collection is an index of the names on the Veteran's Memorial Wall in <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=union+city+michigan&ll=42.066054,-85.134321&spn=0.002419,0.002342&hnear=Union+City,+Branch,+Michigan&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=42.066054,-85.134321&panoid=cFstMhOCXrt8iGlGET_EPQ&cbp=12,48.29,,0,-2.06">Union City, Michigan</a>. Biographical information and photographs will be presented when they are available. Each veteran's name is associated with a location number, representing the position on the Memorial Wall where the name may be found. The number is comprised of the following parts: <ul> <li>F = FRONT - Front side of the wall is facing the bridge.</li> <li>B = BACK - Back side of the wall is facing the flag.</li> <li>C = CENTER - Larger column of names are in the middle of the wall.</li> <li>R = RIGHT SIDE - All names to the right side of center column.</li> <li>L = LEFT SIDE - All columns of names to the left side of center column.</li> </ul> <img src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_key.png" alt="Veteran's Wall Key" /> For example, Thomas Madden's Veteran's location number is BR-7-16. His name is on the back of the wall, right side of the center column, in the 7th column, and the 16th name from the top. (Back Right - column 7 - 16th from top) - BR - 7 - 16 For example, John R Lake's Veteran's location number is FL-4-08. His name is on the front of the wall, left side of the center column, in the 4th column, and the 8th name from the top. (Front Left - column 4 - 8th from top): FL - 4 - 8 The Veteran's Wall is made by the American Legion Post #196. This Veteran's Wall index was made by Kathyleen Madden and presented by the Branch District Library. If you have a question or wish to add information to this index, please write to us via the "<a href="https://www.branchdistrictlibrary.org/contact_us">Contact Us</a>" link on any page, or: <dl><dd>American Legion Post #196</dd><dd>Attention: Bob Miller</dd><dd>P.O. Box 131</dd><dd>Union City, MI 49094-0131</dd></dl> -or- <dl><dd>Kathyleen Madden</dd><dd>3467 9 1/2 Mile Road</dd><dd>Burlington, MI 49029-8736</dd></dl> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kathyleen Madden Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Veteran's Memorial Wall of Union City Last Name Piper First Name Maria Middle Name K. Lcation Number number for each Veteran on the wall FL-2-10 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Piper, Maria K. https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/d65d2bfa9cd31a99c69cf116adc1ef74.jpg 31f18fd043e0f3a96d7a29025ac0ab31 https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/c1f552bb94ac05b9e6972ee8e61d6d57.png 8be83e54321b54d8bf7bd198b99959e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union City Veteran's Park Memorial Wall Description An account of the resource <div style="float: right; margin: 10px 0 0 5px;"><img style="background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; margin: -6px 6px 6px -6px; padding: 4px;" src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_montage.jpg" alt="Veterans Wall Montage" /></div> This collection is an index of the names on the Veteran's Memorial Wall in <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=union+city+michigan&ll=42.066054,-85.134321&spn=0.002419,0.002342&hnear=Union+City,+Branch,+Michigan&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=42.066054,-85.134321&panoid=cFstMhOCXrt8iGlGET_EPQ&cbp=12,48.29,,0,-2.06">Union City, Michigan</a>. Biographical information and photographs will be presented when they are available. Each veteran's name is associated with a location number, representing the position on the Memorial Wall where the name may be found. The number is comprised of the following parts: <ul> <li>F = FRONT - Front side of the wall is facing the bridge.</li> <li>B = BACK - Back side of the wall is facing the flag.</li> <li>C = CENTER - Larger column of names are in the middle of the wall.</li> <li>R = RIGHT SIDE - All names to the right side of center column.</li> <li>L = LEFT SIDE - All columns of names to the left side of center column.</li> </ul> <img src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_key.png" alt="Veteran's Wall Key" /> For example, Thomas Madden's Veteran's location number is BR-7-16. His name is on the back of the wall, right side of the center column, in the 7th column, and the 16th name from the top. (Back Right - column 7 - 16th from top) - BR - 7 - 16 For example, John R Lake's Veteran's location number is FL-4-08. His name is on the front of the wall, left side of the center column, in the 4th column, and the 8th name from the top. (Front Left - column 4 - 8th from top): FL - 4 - 8 The Veteran's Wall is made by the American Legion Post #196. This Veteran's Wall index was made by Kathyleen Madden and presented by the Branch District Library. If you have a question or wish to add information to this index, please write to us via the "<a href="https://www.branchdistrictlibrary.org/contact_us">Contact Us</a>" link on any page, or: <dl><dd>American Legion Post #196</dd><dd>Attention: Bob Miller</dd><dd>P.O. Box 131</dd><dd>Union City, MI 49094-0131</dd></dl> -or- <dl><dd>Kathyleen Madden</dd><dd>3467 9 1/2 Mile Road</dd><dd>Burlington, MI 49029-8736</dd></dl> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kathyleen Madden Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Veteran's Memorial Wall of Union City Last Name Platz First Name Norval Lcation Number number for each Veteran on the wall FR-2-05 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Platz, Norval https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/82a5108a9bdc3eea954b3de8094af451.jpg 5cb06685e5abcdcc9e9ce726382c56f7 https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/f5df6215da33391efccb1dc2d36670e9.png 236bf01ac766b01b21e59aa0580fc662 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union City Veteran's Park Memorial Wall Description An account of the resource <div style="float: right; margin: 10px 0 0 5px;"><img style="background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; margin: -6px 6px 6px -6px; padding: 4px;" src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_montage.jpg" alt="Veterans Wall Montage" /></div> This collection is an index of the names on the Veteran's Memorial Wall in <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=union+city+michigan&ll=42.066054,-85.134321&spn=0.002419,0.002342&hnear=Union+City,+Branch,+Michigan&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=42.066054,-85.134321&panoid=cFstMhOCXrt8iGlGET_EPQ&cbp=12,48.29,,0,-2.06">Union City, Michigan</a>. Biographical information and photographs will be presented when they are available. Each veteran's name is associated with a location number, representing the position on the Memorial Wall where the name may be found. The number is comprised of the following parts: <ul> <li>F = FRONT - Front side of the wall is facing the bridge.</li> <li>B = BACK - Back side of the wall is facing the flag.</li> <li>C = CENTER - Larger column of names are in the middle of the wall.</li> <li>R = RIGHT SIDE - All names to the right side of center column.</li> <li>L = LEFT SIDE - All columns of names to the left side of center column.</li> </ul> <img src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_key.png" alt="Veteran's Wall Key" /> For example, Thomas Madden's Veteran's location number is BR-7-16. His name is on the back of the wall, right side of the center column, in the 7th column, and the 16th name from the top. (Back Right - column 7 - 16th from top) - BR - 7 - 16 For example, John R Lake's Veteran's location number is FL-4-08. His name is on the front of the wall, left side of the center column, in the 4th column, and the 8th name from the top. (Front Left - column 4 - 8th from top): FL - 4 - 8 The Veteran's Wall is made by the American Legion Post #196. This Veteran's Wall index was made by Kathyleen Madden and presented by the Branch District Library. If you have a question or wish to add information to this index, please write to us via the "<a href="https://www.branchdistrictlibrary.org/contact_us">Contact Us</a>" link on any page, or: <dl><dd>American Legion Post #196</dd><dd>Attention: Bob Miller</dd><dd>P.O. Box 131</dd><dd>Union City, MI 49094-0131</dd></dl> -or- <dl><dd>Kathyleen Madden</dd><dd>3467 9 1/2 Mile Road</dd><dd>Burlington, MI 49029-8736</dd></dl> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kathyleen Madden Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Veteran's Memorial Wall of Union City Last Name Platz First Name Norval Middle Name C. Lcation Number number for each Veteran on the wall FL-1-22 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Platz, Norval C. https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/949e17b25d18803f8155ce914254ba16.pdf 32f998cae6dfdedf38e580aa00a783d7 PDF Text Text ' ' I :N. I 7,-;s4 , -." �1 �Holbrook Heritage Not For Circulation gjaAtig • R 7;Y••. - A • t I • I. • • A N • . • 1.4c I V ! A * Co- t a i ��:VI ILI1,3 C O N TA I N I N G Full Pa1.4c Portraits iiiol4raphical Sketches of Prominent ail Representative Citiiens of the TOCIETHEN W I T H P O R T R A I T S A N D B I O G R A P H I E S O F A L L T H E r ; O v E R N O R S O F T H E S TAT E , A N D O F T H E P R E S I D E N T S O F T H E U N I T E D S TAT E S CII PM.% N M i t : W . 4 . 1.4%. �Repetnted by - HIGGINSON BOOK COMPANY 148 Washington Street. Post Office Box 77K Salem. Massachusetts 01970 ' a r r a r i d e 4.111 ho ( M M V A ; to111711; 0 Nom,. o p t A complete catalog of thousands of genealop' and local history reprints is available from Higginson Books. Please write or call to order. or (or more information. This facsimile reprint has been pbotorrpmduced on acidfree paper. Hardcover bindings are Class A archival quality. �--44. PRE FpQ E. H E greatest of English historians, MAI:Arian-, and one of the most brilliant. writers of the past century, has said: - T h e history of a country is best told M a record of the lives of its people." I n conformity with this idea the Poirrusir A NO BIoGRAPHICAi. Atiii-u of this county has been prepared. I n s t e a d of going to musty records, and taking therefrom dry statistical matter that can be appreciated b y b u t f e w, o u r corps of writers have gone to the people, the men and women who have, b y their enterprise and industry. brought the rummy to a rank second to none among Owe comprising this great and noble state, and from their lips have t h e story o f t h e i r l i f e struggles. N o more interesting or instructive matter could b e presented t o an intelligent public. I n this volume will be found a record o f many whose lives are worthy the imitation of coming generations. I t tells how some, commencing l i f e i n poverty, by industry a n d economy have accumulated wealth. I t tells how others, w i t h limited advantages for securing an education, have become learned men a n d women, with a n influence extending throughout the length and breadth o f the land. I t tells o f men who hare risen from the lower walks of life to eminence as statesmen, and whose names have bet-sane famous. I t tells of those in every walk in life who have striven to succeed, and records how that success has usually crowned their efforts. I t tells also of many, v e r y many, who, not seeking the applause of the world, have pursued - t h e even tenor o f their w a y, " content to have i t said of them as Christ said of the woman performing a deed o f mercy—"they have dime what they could." I t tells how that many in the pride anti strength of young manhood l e f t the plow and the anvil, the lawyer's office and the counting-room. left every trade and profession, and a t their country's ,sll went forth valiantly - t o do or die." and how through their efforts the Union was restored a n d peace once more reigned nit the land. I n the life of every man and of every woman is a lesson t h a t should n o t he post upon those who follow after. Coming generations will appreciate this vollitne and preserve it as it sacred treasure, from t h e r i w t that i t contains so much that would never find its way into public records, and which would otherwise be inaccessible. G r e a t care has been taken in the compilation i f the work and every opportunity r i s i b l e given t o those represented to insure corrertness in what has been written. and the publisher; flatter them..el yea that they give to their readers a work * l i b fee errors of 1.1111044111ellf.P. I n addition to the biographical ahetchea, portraits of 4 number o f representative eitirens ar.• The faces of some, and ittographirril sketches of ninny, will he mussel i n L1111 volume. F u r this the pablfasbers are not to blame. N o t having a proper conception o f the n o r k , some refused t o give the information miessisery to isimpile to shriek. while others were indifferent. O r e naiiitially some member o f I • . . , ,/,•• o f 'ii. r . • i i • , 1 •1L. , , c . 4 ��1 ■4+ 4 ��F I R S T P R E S I D E N T. 1 9 1 a 9 n r , . I . '.101i10t:Ve`....,WeWetilitIO ininOldl1/4.'414-'7QW-11Mirlt. i W . O . M o GEORGE WA S H I N G TO N • r71::r.74-11, HE Father of our Country was born in ‘Vestmorland Co., Va., Feb. a z , 1732. H i s parents were Augustine a n d M a r y (Ball) Washington. The family to which he belonged has not been satisfactorily traced i n England. H i s great-grandfather, John Washington, e m igrated to Virginia about 1657, arid became a prosperous planter. H e had two sons. Lawrence and John. T h e former married Mildred Warner and h a d three children. John, Augustine and Mildred. Augustine, the father o f George, first li m a r r i e d Jane Butler. who bore him four children, two of whom, Lawrence and Augustine, reached maturity. O f six children by his second marriage, George was the eldest, the others being Hefty. Samuel. John Augustine, Charles and Mildred. Washington, the father of George. died in 1743, leaving t large landed property. T o his eldest son, I Awr.!rt.-c. be bequeathed a n estate on the Patomac, afterwards known as Mount Vernon, and to George he kft the parental residence. George received only such education as the neighborhood schools afforded, save fora short time after he left school, when h e received private instruction i n isathematics. H i s spelling was rather defective. • Remarkable stories are told o f his great physical strength and development at an early age. H e was an acknowledged leader among his companions, and was early noted for that nobleness of character, fairness and veracity which characterized his whole life. When George was 14 years old he had a desire to go to sea, and a midshipman's warrant was secured for hint, but through the opposition of his mother the idea was abandoned. T w o years later he was appointed surveyor to the immense estate of Lord Fairfax. I n this business he spent three years in a rough frontier life, gaining experience which afterwards proved very essential to him. I n 175 r, though only i n years of age, he was appointed adjutant with the rank of major in the Virginia militia, then being trained for active service against the French and Indians. Soon after this he sailed to the West Indies with his brother Lawrence, who went there to restore his health. They soon returned. and in the summer of 1752 Lawrence died, leaving a large fortune to an infant daughter who did not long survive him. O n her demise the estate of Mount Vernon was given to George. Upon the arrival of Robert Dinwiddie, as bentenant-Governor of Virginia, in 1752, the militia was reorganized, and the province divided into four military districts, of which the northern was assigned to Washington as adjutant general. Shortly after this a very perilous mission was assigned him and accepted, which others had refused. T h i s was to proceed to the French post near Lake Erie in Northwestern Penosylvania. T h e distance to be traversed was between Soo and 600 miles. Winter was at hand. and the journey was to he made without military escort, through a territory occupied by Indians. T h e -do 4 �811071111-111‘ zo GEORGE WA S H I N G T O N . tnp was a perilous one, and several limes he came near losing his life, yet he returned in safety and furnished a full and useful report of his expedition. A regiment of 30o men was raised in Virginia and put in command of Col. Joshua Fry, and Major Washington was commissioned lieutenant-colonel. A c t i v e war was then begun against the French and Indians, in which Washington took a most important part. I n the memorable event of July 9, 1755, known as Braddock's defeat, Washington was almost the only officer of distinction who escaped from the calamities of the day with life and honor. T h e other aids of Braddock were disabled early in the action, and Washington alone was left in that capacity on the field. In a letter to his brother he says: " I had four bullets through my coat, and two horses shot under me, yet I escaped unhurt, though death was leveline my companions on every side." A n Indian sharpshooter said he was not born to be killed by a bullet, for he had taken direct aim at him seventeen times, and failed to hit him. After having been five years in the military service, and vainly sought promotion in the royal army, he took advantage of the fall of Fort Duquesne and the expulsion of the French from the valley of the Ohio, to resign his commission. Soon after he entered the Legislature, where, although not a leader, he took an active and important part. January 17, 1759, he married Mrs. Martha (Dandridge) Custis, the wealthy widow of John Parke Custis. When the British Parliament had closed the port •of Boston, the cry went up throughout the provinces that "The cause of Boston is the cause of us all." It was then, at the suggestion of Virginia, that a Congress of all the colonies was called to meet at Philadel phia,Sept. 5, 1774, to secure their common liberties, peaceably if possible. T o this Congress Col. Washington was sent as a delegate. On May to, 1775, the Congress re-assembled, when the hostile intentions of England were plainly apparent. T h e battles of Concord and Lexington had been fought. Among the first acts of this Congress was the election of a cornmander-in-chief of the colonial forces. T h i s high and responsible office was conferred upon Washington, who was still a member of the Congress. H e accepted it on June in, but upon the express condition that he receive no salary. H e would keep an exact account of expenses and expect Congress to pay them and nothing more. I t is not the object of this sketch to trace the military acts of Washington, to whom the fortunes and liberties of the people of this country were so long confided. T h e war was conducted by him under every possible disadvantage, and while his forces often met with reverses, yet he overcame every obstacle, and after seven years of heroic devotion and matchless skill he gained liberty for the greatest nation of earth. O n Dec. 23, 1783, Washington, in a parting address of surpassing beauty, resigned his 4' commission as commander-in-chief of the army to to the Continental Congress sitting at Annapolis. H e retired inunediately to Mount Vernon and resumed his occupation as a farmer and planter, shunning all connection with public lite. In February,1789, Washington was unanimously elected President. I n his presidential career he was subject to the peculiar trials incidental t o a new government ; trials from lack of confidence on the pan of other governments; trials from want of harmony between the different sections of our own country ; trials front the impoverished condition of the country, owing to the war and want of credit; trials from the beginnings of party strife. H e was no partisan. H i s clear judgment could discern the golden mean; and while perhaps this alone kept our government from sinking a t the eery outset, it left him exposed to attacks from both sides, which were often hitter and very annoying. At the expiration of his first term he was unanimously re-elected. A t the end of this term many were anxious that he be re-elected, but he absolutely refused a third nomination. O n the fourth of March. 1797, at the expiraton of his second term as President, he returned to his home, hoping to pass there his few remaining years free from the annoyances o f public life. L a t e r in the year, however, his repose seemed likely to be interrupted by war with France. At the prospect of such a war he was again urged to take command o f the armies. H e chose his subordinate officers and left to them the charge of matters in the field, which h e superintended from his home. I n accepting the command h e made the reservation that he was not to be i n the field until it was necessary. I n the midst of these preparations his life was suddenly cut off. December t a. lie took a severe cold from a ride in the rain, which, settling in his throat, produced inflammation, and terminated fatally on the night of the fourteenth. O n the eighteenth his body was borne with military honors to its final resting place, and interred in the family vault at Mount Vernon. Of the character of Washington it is impossible to speak but in terms of the highest respect and admiration. T h e more we see of the operations of our government, and the more deeply we feel the difficulty of uniting all opinions in a common interest, the more highly we must estimate the force of his talent and character, which have been able to challenge the reverence of all parties, and principles, and nations, and to win a fame as extended as the limits of the globe, and which we cannot but believe will Ire as lasting as the existence of man. The person of 1Vashingtou was unusally tall, erect and well proportioned H i s muscular strength was great. H i s features were of a beautiful svmmetry He commanded respect without any appearance of haughtiness, and ever serious without being dull. _s4' �3 5401 42394 7117 ��4. SECOND P R E S I D E N T. trattaila. —411141E--4.-. . - 4 - - - 9 1 1 1 23 . - - . . a l l i a t a l — 4 i f f e t * r e r r r s o p E r r y V o m r y r f i r r r r r f i ' r e ' r r P r r r e 3 W r I 4 4 + , 4 tii, ,..* • - a r i ..*., l l j.,...f.4.71.4.4.....i.u.i.t............,,,,.......t..“4.44,4.4.t.....u.t.44.4 ssi L' .4 L' OHN ADAMS, t h e secondPresident and the first VicePresident of the United States, was born i n Braintree ( now Quincy ),Mass., and about ten miles from Boston, Oct. r g, 1735. His great-grandfather. Henry Adams, emigrated from England about 1640, with a family of eight sons, and settled at Braintree. The parents o f John were John and Susannah (Boylston) Adams. H i s father was a farmer o f limited means, to which he added the business of shoemaking. H e gave his eldest son. John. a classical education a t Harvard College. J o h n graduated in 1755, and at once took charge of the school in Vorcester. Mass. T h i s he found but a "school o f affliction,- from which be endeavored to gain relief by devoting himself, in addition, to the study of law. F o r this purpose he placed himself under the tuition of the only lawyer in the town. H e had thought seriously o f t h e clerical profession but seems to have been turned from this by what he termed "the frightful engines of ecclesiastical councils, of diabolical malice, and Cal van istic good nature," of the operations of which he had been a witness in his native town. H e was well fitted for the legal profession. possessing a clear, sonorous voice. being ready and anent of speech, and having quick perceptive rowels. H e gradually gained practice, and in r764 married Abigail Smith, a daughter of a minister, and a lady of superior intelligence. Shortly after his roanisge. (1765). the attempt of Parliamentary lemmas turned him (tom law to politics. H e took initial steps toward holding a town meeting, and the rerolu- 4 tions he offered on the subject became very popular throughout the Province, and were adopted word for word by over forty different towns. H e moved to Boston in 1768, and became one of the most courageous and prominent advocatesof the popular cause, and was chosen a member of the General Court (the Leglislature) in 1770. Mr. Adams was chosen one of the first delegates from Massachusetts to the first Continental Congress, which met in 1774. H e r e he distinguished himself by his capacity for business and for debate, and advocated the movement for independence against the niajority of the members. I n May, 1776, he moved and carried a resolution in Congress that the Colonies should assume the duties of self-government. H e was a prominent member of the committee of five appointed June i t , to prepare a declaration of independence. T h i s article was drawn by Jefferson, but on Adams devolved the task of battling it through Congress in a three days debate. On the day after the Declaration of Independence was passed, while his soul was yet warm with the glow of excited feeling, he wrote a letter to his wile, which, as we read it now, seems to have been dictated by the spirit of prophecy. "Yesterday," he says,"the greatest question w:as decided that ever was debated in America; and greater, perhaps, never was or will he d e c i d e d a m o n g m e n . A resolution was passed without one dissenting colony, ' that these United States are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states ' T h e day is passed. T h e fourth of J u l y, 1 7 7 6 . w i l l l i e a m e m o r a b l e e p o c h i n t h e h i s t o r y of America. f a m apt to believe it will be celebrated by succeeding generations, as the great anniversary festival. I t ought to be commemomted as the day of deliverance by solemn arts of devotion to Almighty 4 1 God. I t ought to lie solemntztA with pomp, shows. �24 J O H N ADAMS. games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations French Revolution shook the continent of Europe. and it was upon this point which he was at issue with from one end of the continent to the other, from this time forward for ever. Yo u will think me transported the majority of his countrymen led by Mr. Jefferson_ Mr. Adams felt no sympathy with the French people with enthusiasm, but I am not. I am well aware of in their struggle, for he had no confidence in their the toil, and blood and treasure, that it will cost to power of self-government, and he utterly abhored the maintain this declaration, and support and defend these States; yet, through all the gloom, I can see the classof atheist philosophers who he claimed caused it On the other hand Jefferson's sympathies were strongl, rays of light and glory. I can see that the end is worth more than all the means; and that posterity enlisted in behalf of the French people. H e n c e originated the alienation between these distinguished will triumph, although you and I may rue, which I men, and two powerful parties were thus soon organhope we shall not." ized, Adams at the head of the one whose sympathies In November, 1777, Mr. Adams was appointed a delegate to France and to co-operate with Beinjamin were with England and Jefferson led the other i i sympathy with France. Franklin and Arthur Lee, who were then in Paris, in the endeavor to obtain assistance in arms and money The world has seldom seen .t spectacle of rbIC.11,: from the French Government. This was a severe trial moral beauty and grandeur, than was presented by the to his patriotism, as it separated him from his home, old age of Mr. Adams. T h e violence of party feeling compelled him to cross the ocean in winter, and ex- had died away, and he had begun to receive that just posed him to great peril of capture by the British cruis- appreciation which, to most men, is not accorded till ers., who were seeking hint. H e left France June 17, after death. N o one could look upon his venerable 1779. I n September of the same year he was again form, and think of what he had done and suffered, chosen to go to Paris, and there hold himself in readi- and how he had given tip all the prime and strength ness to negotiate a treaty of peace and of commerce of his life to the public good, without the deepest with Great Britian, as soon as the British Cabinet emotion of gratitude and respect. I t was his peculiar might be found willing to listen to such proposels, H e good fortune to witness the complete success of the sailed for France in November, from there he went to institution which he had been so active in creating and Holland, where he negotiated important loans and supporting. I n 1824, his cup of happiness was filled formed important commercial treaties. to the brim, by seeing Isis son elevated to the highest Finally a treaty of peace with England was signed station in the gift of the people. Jan. 21, 1783. T h e re-action from the excitement, The fourth of July, 1826, which completed the halt toil and anxiety through which Mr. Adams had passed century since the signing of the Declaration of Indethrew him into a fever. A f t e r suffering from a con- pendence, arrived, and there were but three o f the tinued fever and becoming feeble and emaciated he signers of that immortal instrument left upon the was advised to go to England to drink the waters of earth t o hail its morning light. A n d , as i t is Bath. W h i l e in England, still drooping and despond- well known, on that day two of these finished their mg, he received dispatches from his own government earthly pilgrimage, a coincidence so remarkable as urging the necessity of his going to Amsterdam to to seem miraculous. F o r a few days before M r negotiate another loan. I t was winter, his health was Adams had been rapidly failing, and on the morning delicate, yet he immediately set out, and through of the fourth he found himself too weak to rise from storm, on sea, on horseback and foot,he made the trip. his bed. O n being requested to name a toast for the February 24, 1785, Congress appointed Mr. Adams customary celebration of the day, he exclaimed " INenvoy to the Court of St. James. H e r e he met face pF.PENDENt_E FOREVER." When the day was ushered to face the King of England, who had so long r e - In, by the ringing of bells and the firing of cannons. garded him a s a traitor. A s England did not he was asked by one of his attendants i f he knes condescend to appoint a minister to the United what day it was? H e replied, " 0 yes; it is the glorStates, and as M r Adams felt that he was accom- ious founh of July—God bless it—God bless you all." plishing but little, he sought permission to return t o In the course of the day he said, "It is a great and his own country, where he arrived in June, 1788. glorious day." T h e last words he uttered were When Washington was first chosen President, John "Jefferson survives." B u t he had, at one o'clock, reAdams, rendered illustiious by his signal services at signed his spirit into the hands of his God. home and abroad, was chosen Vice President. Again The personal appearance and manners o f M r at the second election o f Washington as President, Adams were not particularly prepossessing. His face, Adams was chosen Vice President. I n 1796, Wash- as his portrait manifests,was intellectual and expresington retired from public life, and Mr. Adams was sive, but his figure was low and ungraceful, and his elected President,though not without much opposition. manners were frequently abrupt and uncourteous Serving in this office four years,he was succeeded by He had neither the lofty dignity of Washington, nor Mr. Jefferson, his opponent in politics. the engaging elegance and gracefulness which marked While Mr. Adams was Vice President the great the manners and address of Jefferson. ��_ , L 6 '45/e/7,, /-, ?„ �t 4410• T H I R D P R E S I D E N T. H O M A S J E F F E R S O N was born April 2, 1743, a t Shad- 1 7 there was not to be found, perhaps, in a l l Virginia, a more pureminded, upright, gentlemanly young man. Immediately upon leaving college h e began t h e well, Alberrnarle county, V a . study of law. F b r the short time he continued in the His parents were P e t e r a n d practice of his profession he rose rapidly and distinlane ( Randolph) Jefferson, the former a native o f Wales, guished himself by his energy a n d accuteness as a lawyer. B u t the times called f o r greater action. and the latter born i n L o n • The policy of England had awakened the spirit o f don. T o them were born six resistance of the American Colonies, and the enlarged daughters a n d t w o sons, o f views which Jefferson had ever entertained, soon led whom Thomas was the elder. him into active political life. I n 1769 he was chosen When 1 4 years o f age h i s a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. ! n father died. H e received a 1772 he married Mrs. Martha Skelton, a very beautimost liberal education, h a v ful, wealthy and highly accomplished young widow. ing been kept diligently at school Upon M r. Jefferson's large estate at Shadwell, there from the time he was five years of was a majestic swell of land, called Monticello, which age I n 176o he entered William commanded a prospect o f wonderful extent a n d and Mary College. Wi l l i a m s b u r g was then the scat beauty. T h i s spot Mr. Jefferson selected for his new of the Colonial Court, and it was the °bode of fashion home; and here he reared a mansion o f modest yet a.sd splendor. Y o u n g Jefferson, w h o was then 1 7 elegant architecture, which, next to Mount Vernon, years old, lived somewhat expensively-, Iceconist fine ;iecame the Most distinguished resort i n our land. horses, and mulch caressed b y gay society. y e t I+,wase -,,rreptoachaih o v d tly s rn a In i 7 7 5 h e was sent t o the Colonial Congress. where, though a silent member, h i s abilities as a able in his morals. I t i s strange, however. ' m i l e r writer and a reasoner soon become known, and he such inttiences,that he was not r,uierl. I n the secwas :alai ed upon a number of important committees, ond year of his college course, moved I . s o m e (Inand was • hairman of the one appointed for the drawexplained inward impulse. h e discarded h i s horsea, ing up of a declaration of independence. T h i s comsociety, and even his favorite violin, to which he had mittee consisted of Thomas Jefferson, John Adams. previously given much time. H e often devoted fifteen Benjamin Franklin, Roger Shemian and Robert K boona day to hard study, allowing himself for e x Livingston. Jefferson, as chairman, was appointed ercise only a run in the evening twilight of i mile out to draw up the paper. Franklin and Adams suggested of the city and hack again. H e thus attained very a few verbal rhanges before it was submitted to Conhigh intellectual + d i m e , alike excellence in philosogress, O n June IR, a few slight changes were made phy and the languages T h e most difficult Latin and in it by (Ongresa. arid it was passed and signed July f :leek authors he read with facility A enure finished 4, i776. W h a t must have been the feelings o f that scholar has seldom gone forth from college halls a n d --4111. 4 �28 THOMAS J E F F E R S O N . inan—what the emotions that swelled his breast— sary of the Declaration of American Independence, who was charged with the preparation of that Dec- great preparations were made i n every part o f the Union for its celebration, as the nation's jubilee, and laration, which, while it made known the wrongs of the citizens of Washington, to add to the solemnity America, was also to publish her to the world, free, overign and independent. I t is one of the most re- of the occasion, invited Mr. Jefferson, as the framer. markable papers ever written ; and did no other effort and one of the few surviving signers o f the Declaration, to participate in their festivities. B u t an illof the mind of its author exist, that alone would be ness, which had been of several weeks duration, and sufficient to stamp his name with immortality. had been continually increasing, compelled him to In 1779 Mr. Jefferson was elected successor to Patrick Henry, i..s Governor of Virginia. A t one time decline the invitation. the British officer, Tarleton, sent a secret expedition to On the second of July, the disease under which Monticello, to capture the Governor. Scarcely five he was laboring left him, but i n such a reduced minutes elapsed after the hurried escape of Mr. Jef- state that his medical attendants, entertained no ferson and his family, ere his mansion was in posses- hope of his recovery. From this time he was perfectly sion of the British troops. H i s wife's health, never sensible that his last hour was at hand. O n the next very good, was much injured by this excitement, and day, which was Monday. he asked o f those around in the summer of 178: she died. him, the day of the month, and on being told it was Mr. Jefferson was elected t o Congress in 1783 the third of July, he expres.ied the earliest wish that Two years later he was appointed Minister Plenipo- he might be permitted to breathe the airof the fiftieth tentiary to France. Returning to the United States anniversary. His prayer was heard—that day, whose in September, 1789, he became Secretary of State dawn was hailed with such rapture through our land, in Washington's cabinet. T h i s position he resigned burst upon his eyes, and then they were closed forJan. I , 1794. I n r797, he was chosen Vice Presi- ever. A n d what a noble consummation of a noble dent, and four years later was elected President over life! To die on that day,—the birthday of a nation; Mr. Adams, with Aaron Burr as Vice President. I n the day which his own name and his own act had 1804 he was re-elected with wonderful unanimity, rendered glorious; t o die amidst the rejoicings and and George Clinton, Vice President. I festivities of a whole nation, who looked u p to him. The early part of Mr. Jefferson's second adminstra- as the author, under God, of their greatest blessings. tion was disturbed by an event which threatened the was all that was wanting to fill up the record his life. tranquility and peace of the Union; this was the conAlmost at the same hour of his death, the kinspiracy of Aaron Burr. Defeated in the late election to the Vice Presidency, and led on by art unprincipled dred spirit o f the venerable Adams, as i f to near ambition, this extraordinary man formed the plan of a him company, left the scene of his earthly honors. Hand in hand they had stood forth, the champions of military expedition into the Spanish territories on our southwestern frontier, for the purpose of forming there freedom; hand in hand, during the dark and despera new republic. T h i s has been generally supposed ate struggle of the Revolution, they had cheered and animated their desponding countrymen; for half a was a mere pretext ; and although i t has not been generally known what his real plans were, there is no century they had labored together for the good o f doubt that they were o f a fair more dangerous the country; and now hand i n hand they depart In their lives they had been united in the same great character. cause of liberty, and in their deaths they were not In 1809, at the expiration of the second term for divided. which Mr. Jefferson had been elected, he determined In person Mr. Jefferson was tall and thin, rather to retire from political life. F o r a period of nearly forty years, he had been continually before the pub- above six feet in height, but well formed; his eyes lic, and all that time had been employed in offices of were light, his hair originally red, in after life became the greatest trust and responsibility. Having thus de- white and silvery; his complexion was fair, his fore head broad, and his whole countenance intelligent and voted the best part of his life to the service o f his thoughtful. H e possessed great fortitude of mind as country, he now felt desirous of that rest which his declining years required, and upon the organization of well as personal courage; and his command of temthe new administration, in March, r.o9, he bid fare- per was such that his oldest and most intimate friends never recollected to have seen him i n a passion well forever to public life, and retired to Monticello. His manners, though dignified, were simple and unMr. Jefferson was profuse in his hospitality. Whole affected, and his hospitality was so unbounded that families came in their coaches with their horses,— all found at his house a ready svelcorne. I n converfathers and mothers, boys and girls, babies and sation he was fluent, eloquent and enthusiastic ; and nurses,—and remained three and even six months. his language was remarkably pure and correct. H e Life at Monticello, for years, resembled that a t a was a finished classical scholar, and in his writings is fashionable watering-place. discernable the care with which he formed his style The fourth of July, 1826, being the fiftieth anniver- upon the best models of antiquity. 4 ��z-Ze ec.--Get; �fi FOURTH' P R t Z L D E N T. AMES MADISON, "Father of the Constitution." and fourth President of the United States, Via, born March 16, 1737, and died at his home in Virginia, June 28, 0836. T h e name of James Madison is inseparably connecred with most of the important events in that heroic period of our country during which the foundations of this great republic were laid. H e was the last of the founders of the Constitution o f the United States to be tailed t o his eternal reward. The Madison family were aiming the early emigrants to the New World. landing upon the shores of the Chesapeake but e5 years after the settlement of Jamestown T h e father of .4j,. J a m e s Madison was a n opulent planter. residing upon a very fine estate called " Montpelier," Orange Va. T h e mansion was situated in the midst of scenery highly picturesque and romantic, on the west side of South-west Mountain. at the foot of Blue Ridge. I t was but a; miles (torn the home of Jefferson at Monticello. T h e closest personal and political attachment existed between these illustrious men, fmm their early youth until death. The early education of Mr. Madison was conducted mostly at home under a private tutor. A t the age of i8 he was sent to Pnncetnn College. in New Jersey. Here he applied himself to study with the most insOP prudent zeal; allowing himself, for months, but three hours' sleep out of the 24. His health thus became so seriously impaired that lie never recovered any vigor of constitution. H e graduated in 1771, with a feeble lady, with a character of utmost purity, and with a mind highly disciplined and richly stored with learning which embellished and gave proficiency' to his subs. 'went career. Returning to Virginia, he commenced the study of law and a course of extensive and systematic reading. This educational course, the spirit o f the times in which he lived, and the society with which he associated, all combined to inspire him with a strong love of liberty, and to train him for his life-work of a statesman. Being naturally of a religious turn of mind, and his frail health leading him to think that his life was not to be long, he directed especial attention to theological studies. Endowed with a mind singularly free from passion and prejudice, and with almott unequalled powers of reasoning, he weighed all the arguments for and against revealed religion, until his faith became so established as never t o be shaken. In the spring of 1776, when 26 years of age, he was elected a member of the Virginia Convention, to frame the constitution of the State. T h e next year ( m y ) , he was a candidate for the General Assembly. He refused to treat the whisky-lovir.g voters, and consequently lost his election ; but those who had witnessed the talent, energy and public spirit of the modest young man, enlisted themselves in his behalf, and he was appointed to the Executive Council. Both Patnck Henry and Thomas Jefferson were Governors of Virginia while Mr. Madison remained member of the Council ; and their appreciation of his �■-40 32 JAMES MADISON. intellectual, social and moral worth, contributed not a little to his subsequent eminence. I n the year t78o, he was elected a member o f the Continental Congress. H e r e he met the most illustrious men in our land, and he was immediately assigned to one of the most conspicuous positions among them. For three years Mr. Madison continuedin Congress, one of its most active and influential members. In the year 1784, his term having expired, he was elected a member of the Virginia Legislature. No man felt more deeply than M r. Madison the utter inefficiency of the old confederacy, with no n a tional government, with no power to form treaties which would be binding, or to enforce law. T h e r e was not any State more prominent than Virginia in the declaration, that an efficient national government must be formed. I n January, 1786, M r. Madison carried a resolution through the General Assembly of Virginia, inviting the other States to appoint commissioners to meet in convention at Annapolis to discuss this subject. F i v e States only were represented. The convention, however, issued another call, drawn up by Mr. Madison, urging all the States to send their delegates to Philadelphia, in M a y, 1787, t o draft a Constitution for the United States, to take the place of that Confederate League. T h e delegates met at the time appointed. E v e r y State but Rhode Island was represented. George Washington was chosen president of the convention; and the present Constitution of the United States was then and there formed. There was, perhaps, no mind and no pen more active in framing this immortal document than the mind and the pen of James Madison. The Constitution, adopted by a vote Si to 79, was to be presented to the several States for acceptance. But grave solicitude was felt. Should it be rejected we should be left but a conglomeration of independent Stares, with but little power at home and little respect abroad. M r . Madison was selected by the convention to draw up an address to the people of the United States, expounding the principles of the Constitution, and urging its adoption. T h e r e was great opposition to it at first, but it at length triumphed over all, and went into effect in 1789. Mr. Madison was elected to the House of Representatives in the first Congress, and soon became the avowed leader of the Republican party. W h i l e in New York attending Congress, he met Mrs. Todd, a young widow o f remarkable power o f fascination, whom he married. S h e was in person and character queenly, and probably no lady has thus far occupied so prominent a position in the very peculiar society which has constituted our republican court as Mrs. Madison. Mr. Madison served as Secretary of State under Jefferson, and at the close o f his administration was chosen President. A t this time the encroachments of England had brought us to the verge of war. British orders in council destroyed our commerce, arid our flag was exposed to constant insult. M r. Madison was a man of peace. Scholarly in his taste, retiring in his disposition, war had no charms for him. But the meekest spirit can be roused. I t makes one's blood boil, even now, to think of an American ship brought to, upon the ocean, by the guns of an English cruiser A' young lieutenant steps on board and orders the crew to be paraded before him. W i t h great nonchalance he selects any number whom he may please to designate as British subjects; orders them down the ships side into his boat; and places them on the gulldeck of his man-of-war, to fight, by compulsion, the battles of England. T h i s right o f search and impressment, no efforts of our Government could induce the British cabinet to relinquish. On the t 8th of June, 1812, President Madison gave his approval to an act o f Congress declaring war against Great Britain. Notwithstanding the bitter hostility of the Federal party to the war, the country in general approved; and Mr. Madison, on the 4th of March, 1813, was re-elected by a large majority, and entered upon his second term of office. T h i s is not the place to describe the vanous adventures of this war on the land and on the water. O u r infant navy then laid the foundations of its renown in grappling wiih the most formidable power which ever swept the seas. T h e contest commenced in earnest by the appearance of a British fleet, early in February, 1813, in Chesapeake Bay, declaring nearly the whole coast of the United States under blockade. The Emperor of Russia offered his services as me ditator. America accepted; England refused. A Bniish force of five thousand men landed on the banks of the Patuxet River, near its entrance into Chesapeake Bay, and marched rapidly, by way of Bladensburg, upon Washington. Tlie straggling little city of Washington was thrown into consternation. T h e cannon of the brief conflict at Bladensburg echoed through the streets o f the metropolis. T h e whole population fled from the city. The President, leaving Mrs. Madison in the White House, with her carriage drawn up at the door to await his speedy return, hurried to meet the officers in a council of war. H e met our troops utterly muted, and he could not go back without danger o f being captured. B u t few hours elapsed ere the Presidential Mansion, the Capitol, and all the public buildings in Washington were in flames. The war closed after two years of fighting, and on Feb. r3, t 815, the treaty of peace was signed at Ghent. On the 4th of March, 1817, his second term o r office expired, and he resigned the Presidential chair to his friend, James Monroe. H e retired to his Leantifid home at Montpelier, and there passed the remainder of his days. O n June 28, 1836, then at the age of 85 years, he fell asleep in death. M r s . Madison died July r2, 1 8 4 9 ��11. 1 �F I F T H P R E S I D E N T. 15 •-•• • 1 . 4 • 1 4 1 1 1 6 , 4 11 E - w - • — tit3:\ 171MES •-of• ) • V.4f-.-Y • • .•;. 7s AMES M O N R O E , the fifth President of The United States. was born in Westmoreland Co., Va., Apnl :8, 1758. H i s early life was passed at the place of nativity. His ancestors had fur many years resided in the province in which he was born. 11'hen, at 17 years of age, in the process of completing his education a t William and Mary College. the Colonial Congress assembled at Philadelphia to deliberate upon the u n just and manifold oppressions o f Great Bntian, declared the separation of the Colonies, and piomulgated the Declaration of Independence. Had he been born ten years before it is highly probable that he would have been one of the signers of that celebrated instrument. A t this time he left school and enlisted among the patriots. He joined the army when everything looked hopeless and gloomy. T h e number of deserters increased from day to day. t h e invading armies time jounng in; and the tones not only favored the cause of the h,f country, but disheartened the new recruits, who were sufficiently terrified at the prospect of contending with an enemy whom they had been taught to deem invincibk. T o such brave spirits as James Monroe, who went right onward, undismayed through difficulty and danger, the United States owe their •cklic rl ,m3ruipatures. T h e young cadet joined the • i o i t h e cause of his injured country. with a Finn detemimation to live or die w o r t o n f e sew- 11-41w for liberty. F i r m l y yet sadly he shared in the-melancholy retreat from Harleam Heights and White Plains, and accompanied the dispirited army as it fled before its foes through New Jersey. I n four months after the Declaration of Independence, the patriots had been beaten in seven battles. A t the battle o f Trenton he led the vanguard, and, in the act of charging upon the enemy he received a wound in the left shoulder. As a reward for his bravery, Mr. Monroe was promoted a captain of infantry; and, having recovered from his wound, he rejoined the army. H e , however, receded from the line of promotion, by becoming an officer in the staff of Lord Sterling. During the campaigns of 1777 and 1778, in the actions of Brandy wine, Germantown and Monmouth, he continued aid-de-camp; but becoming desirous to regain his position in the army, he exerted himself to collect a regiment for the Virginia line. T h i s scheme failed owing to the exhausted condition of the State. U p o n this failure he entered the office of Mr. Jefferson, at that period Governor, and pursued, with considerable ardor, the study of common law. He did not, however. entirely lay aside the knapsack fur the green hag but on the invasions of the enemy, served as .1 leer, during the two years of his legal pursuits. In 178:, he was elected from King George county. amember of the Leglislature of Virginia. and by that body he was elevated to a seat in the F.xecutive Council. H e was thus honored with the confidence of his fellow amens at :3 years of age ; and having at this early period displayed some of that ability and aptitude for legislation, which were afterwards employed with unremitting energy for the public good, �lk--111 —40 36 J A M E S M ONROE. he was in the succeeding year chosen a member of the Congress of the United States. Deeply as Mr. Monroe felt the imperfections of the old C.onlederacy, he was opposed to the new Constitution, -.Milking, with many others of the Republican party, that it gave too much power to the Central Government, and not enough to the individual States. S t i l l he retained the esteem of his friends who were its warns supporters, and who, notwithstanding his opposition secured its adoption. I n 1789, he became a member of the United States Senate; which office he held for four years. E v e r y month the line of distinction between the two great parties which divided the nation, the Federal and the Republican, was growing more distinct. T h e two prominent ideas which now separated them were, that the Republican party was i n sympathy with France, and also in favor of such a strict construction of the Constitution as to give the Central Government as little power, and the State Governments as much power, as the Constitution would warrant. The Federalists sympathized with England, and were in favor of a liberal construction of the Constitution, which would give as much power to the Central Government as that document could possibly authorize. The leading Federalists and Republicans were alike noble men, consecrating all their energies to the good of the nation. T w o more honest men or inure pure patriots than John Adams the Federalist, and James Monroe the Republican, never breathed. I n building up this majestic nation, which is destined to eclipse all Grecian and Assyrian greatness, the combination of their antagonism was needed to create the light equilibrium. A n d yet each in his day was denounced as almost a demon. Washington was then President. England had espoused the cause of the Bourbons against the principles of the French Revolution. All Europe was drawn into the conflict. W e were feeble and far away. Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality between these contending powers. France had helped us in the struggle for our liberties. All the despotisms of Europe were now combined to prevent the French from escaping from a tyranny a thousand-fold worse than that which we had endured Col. Monroe, more magnanimous than prudent, was anxious that, a t whatever hazard, we should help our old allies i n their extremity. I t was the impulse of a generous and noble nature. H e violently opposed the President's proclamation as ungrateful and wanting in magnanimity. Washington, who could appreciate such a character, developed his calm, serene, almost divine greatness, by appointing that very James Monroe, who was denouncing the policy of the Government, as the minister of that Government to the Republic of France. M r . Monroe was welcomed by the National Convention in France with the most enthusiastic demonstrations. 40 Shortly after his return to this country, M r. Monroe was elected Governor of Virginia, and held the office for three years. H e was again sent to France to co-operate with Chancellor Livingston in obtaining the vast territory then known as the Province o f Louisiana, which France had but shortly before obtained from Spain. T h e i r united efforts were sue• cessful. F o r the comparatively small sum o f fifteen millions of dollars, the entire territory of Orleans and district of Louisiana were added to the United States. This was probably the largest transfer of real estate which was ever made in all the history of the world From France Mr. Monroe went to England to obtain from that country some recognition o f our rights as neutrals, and to remonstrate against those odious impressments o f our seamen. b u t E n g land was unrelenting. H e again returned to England on the same mission, but could receive n o redress. H e returned t o his home and was again chosen Governor of Virginia. ' I b i s he soon resigned to accept the position of Secretary of State under Madison. W h i l e in this office war with England was declared, the Secretary of War resigned, and during these trying times, the duties of the War Department were also put upon him. H e was truly the armorbearer of President Madison, and the most efficient business man in his cabinet. U p o n the return of peace he resigned the Department of War, but continued in the office of Secretary of State until the es• Oration of Mr. Madison's adminstration. A t the election held the previous autumn Mr. Monroe himself had been chosen President with but little opposition, and upon March 4, 18,7, was inaugurated. F o u r yearF later he was elected for a second term. Among the important measures of his Presidency were the cession of Florida to the United States; the Missouri Compromise, and the " Monroe doctrine.' This famous doctrine, since known as the "Munroe doctrine," was enunciated by him in 1823. A t that time the United States had recognized the independence of the South American states, and did not wish to have European powers longer attempting to subdue portions of the American Continent. The doctrine is as follows: "That we should consider any attempt on the part of European powers to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety," and "that we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing or controlling American governments or provinces in any other light than as a manifestation by European powers of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." This doctrine immediateli affected the course of foreign governments, and has become the approved sentiment of the United States. At the end of his second term Mr Monroe retired to his home in Virginia, where he lived until 183o, when he went to New York to live with his son-inlaw. I n that city he died,on the 4th of July, r831. ��01110-1111-4119 S I X 771 P R E S I D E N T. 30 loppQuipaYADArps. . 4 1 * * -4114.211E- 4 . 4 111 - 0 - 3 1 E - • ' , W F WA I R P O r OHN QUINCY ADAMS, the sixth President of the United , ales, was born in the rural home of his honored father, John Adams, in Quincy, Mass., On the t tth cf July, 1767. His mother, a woman of exalted womb. w a s h e d o v e r his C h I l d h o u t i during the almost constant absence of his father. W h e n ltut eight years of age, he stood with his mother on an eminence, listening to the booming of the great batde on Bunker's Hill, and gazing on !won the smoke and lames billowz r t h e conliagratuin o f When but eleven years "id he isolt a tearful adieu of his mother. is sail with his fattier for Lampe. risegb a hot of hauls British crams. The bright. I embossed bee erre a year and a half in Paris, where his imbue was semeamsed moth Franklin and Lee as esimisser plenipsweerT. H i s isselligesne attracted die Mies of sire dossigaisked mem aad he received b r e *see denerisse stars of ettemetos. Wk. jobs Adore hod seaseidy retained to this ere be was agar seat abased. Again Jebel a s s e r r e s i e d his father. A t Patio he isimmolf r i b peal diligence. for a s months. Sesem t e a amemisomed f a t h e r to Holland, e l m be emered„ lost a school in Amestesdatm, then die Ureemake as Leyden. A l e r t a year b r a this dart, la 1011,. alma b a r revs bat faereeen et b e eve seledei D a m wee M it w o k r p o k e r flees let i t s a i d et inamos l a m sod of i = M A I M be eciiiiimisee essede. and lion 1111116001. S o s i s a . Damailk. itambaqg and i m a m l i b j i m m y m a k alma be die Glom r i m is bis wateamlb p e r h o l e M e e r soml his studies. s , d e a f New at Nagnie • 4 in the spring of t782, he accompanied his father to Paris, traveling leisurely, and Conning acquaintance with the most distinguished men on the Continent; examining arcnitectural remains, gallenes of paintings. and all renowned works of art. A t Paris he again became associated with the most illustrious men o f all lands in the contemplations of the loftiest temporal themes which (all engross the human mind. A f t e r a short visit to England he returned to Paris, and consecrated All his energies to study until May, 1785, when he returned to America. T o a brilliant young man of eighteen, who had seen much of the world, and who was familiar with the etiquette of courts, a residence with his father in London, under such circumstances, must have been extremely 'attractive: but with judgment very rare in one of his age, he prereeved to return rn ArTierira to complete his education in 111 Amen' an college H e wished then t o studs law, that with an honorable profession. he might he able to obtain an independent support. Upon leaving Harvard College, at the age of twenty, be studied law for three team I n lune. ,794, being then hut twenty-seven years of age, he was appinted by Washington, resident minister a t the Netherlands Sailing from Boston in July, he reached I:torsion in October, where he wag immediately admit ted to the deliberations of Messrs Jay and Pmck,.. assisting them in negnittating a commercial treaty s i•t Goest Beitian A f t e r thin spending a fortnight in Ignition, he moreeded to the Hague. In July, t797, he left the Hague logo to Portugal a. 'minister Sempptentiary. O n his way to upon anteing in London. he met with de• dlmetirtg his to the nowt of %dia, tint re bre to neetra in London roil be should let r.,, innernelions. % % d e w e w lie was nianied to Cr Asserlems lady to *Ines he had been previously gegsd.-111:ss Louisa Catherine Johnson. &sat of Mt. jambes Johnson, Asseekvia comma in I onion a iady eoissred web ibet b•Aety sad USWe arreitsi A d o r e " A M asimeody kiwi her Is owe its)) • eievstrel solwee few whirl, she was destiond I . • -4. 4 �A M 40 4 J O H N Q U I N C Y ADAMS. He reached Berlin with his wife in November, 1797 ; where he remained until July, 1799, when, having fulfilled all the purposes of his mission, he solicited his recall. Soon after his return, in 1802, he was chosen to the Senate of Massachusetts, from Boston, and then was elected Senator of the United States for six years, from the 4th of March, 1804. H i s reputation, his .ability and his experience, placed him immediately among the most prominent and influential members of that body. Especially did he sustain the Government in its measures of resistance to the encroachments of England, destroying our commerce and i n sulting our flag. There was no man in America more familiar with the arrogance of the British court upon these points, and no one more resolved to present a firm resistance. In 1809, Madison succeeded Jefferson in the Presidential chair, and he immediately nominated John Quincy Adams minister to St. Petersburg. Resigning his professorship in Harvard College, he embarked at Boston, in August, 1809. While in Russia, Mr. Adams was an intense student. H e devoted his attention to the language and history o f Russia; to the Chinese trade; t o the European system of weights, measures, and coins; to the climate and astronomical observations; while he Kept up a familiar acquaintance with the Greek and Latin classics. I n all the universities of Europe, a more accomplished scholar could scarcely be found. All through life the Bible constituted an important part of his studies. I t was his rule t o read five chapters every day. On the 4th of March, 1817, M r. Monroe took the Presidential chair, and immediately appointed M r. Adams Secretary of State. Ta k i n g leave of his numerous friends in public and private life in Europe, he sailed in June, 1819, for the United States. O n the 18th of August, he again crossed the threshold of his home in Quincy. During the eight yearsof Mr. Monroe's administration, Mr. Adams continued Secretary of State. Some time before the close of Mr. Monroe's second term of office, new candidates began to be presented for the Presidency. The friends of M r. Adams brought forward his name. I t was an exciting campaign. Party spirit was never more bitter. Two hundred and sixty electoral votes were cast. Andrew Jackson received ninety-nine; John Quincy Adams, eighty-four; William H. Crawford, forty-one; Henry Clay, thirtyseven. A s there was no choice by the people, the question went to the House of Representatives. M r . Clay gave the vote of Kentucky to Mr. Adams, and he was elected. The friends of all the disappointed candidates now combined in a venomous and persistent assault upon Mr. Adams. There is nothing more disgraceful in the past history of our country• than the abuse which les was poured in one uninterrupted stream, upon this high-minded. upright, pianism man. There never was an administration inure pure in principles. 1110re conscientiously devoted to the best interests of the country, than that of John Quincy Adams; and never, perhaps, was there an administration more unscrupulously and outrageously assailed. Mr. Adams was, to a very remarkable degree, abstemious and temperate in his habits; always rising early, and taking much exercise. When at his home in Quincy, lie has been known to walk, before breakfast. seven miles to Boston. I n Washington, i t was said that he was the first man up in the city, lighting his own fire and applying himself to work in his library often long before dawn. On the 4th of March, 1829, Mr. Adams retired from the Presidency, and was succeeded by Andrew Jackson. J o h n C. Calhoun was elected Vice President. T h e slavery question now began t o assume portentous magnitude. M r . Adams returned t o Quincy and to his studies, which he pursued with u n abated zeal. B u t he was not long permitted t o remain in retirement. I n November, 1830, lie was elected representative to Congress. F o r seventeen years, until his death, lie occupied the post as representative, towering above all his peers, ever ready. to do brave battle' for freedom, and winning the tide of "the old man eloquent." U p o n taking his seat i n the House, he announced that he should hold himself bound to no party. Probably there never was a member more devoted to his duties. H e was usually the first in his place in the morning, and the last to leave his seat in the evening. N o t a measure could be brought forward and escape his scrutiny. 1 he battle which Mr. Adams fought, almost singly, against the proslavery party in the Government, was sublime in its moral daring and heroism. F o r persisting in presenting petitions for the abolition of slavery, he was threatened with indictment by the grand Jury, with expulsion from the House, with assassination: but no threats could intimidate him, and his final triumph was complete. It has been said of President Adams, that when his body was bent and his hair silvered by the lapse o f fourscore years, yielding to the simple faith of a little child, he was accustomed to repeat every night, before he slept, the prayer which his mother taught him in his infant years. On the 2 Est of February, 1848, he rose on the floor of Congress, with a paper in his hand, to address the speaker. Suddenly he fell, again stricken by paralysis, and was caught in the anus of those around him. For a time he was senseless, as he was conveyed l o the sofa in the rotunda. W i t h rei.iving consciousness, he opened his eyes, looked calmly around and said " M i r is he trade' earth ;-then after a moment's pause he added, " I arm context" T h e s e were the last words of the grand " O l d M a n Eloquent.* 810 4 �7 A ��S E V E N T H P R E S I D E N T. a3 # ' ...t, t . . ..... , W, 7 1 7 1 7 " . .1 A -;-- ,,,e . . i g h kt = 1, ., .. . .. . if.*43a , . 1 ,•' - ...• p ..-.0 • 41._-- -7: 0 - -.--- i k -4, NDREW JACKSON. t h e seventh President o f t h e United States, was horn in Waxhaw settlement, N. C., March 15. 1767, a few days after his father's death. H i s parents were poor emigrants from Ireland, and took up their abode in Waxhaw settlement, where they lived in deepest poverty. Andrew, or Andy, as he was universally called, grew up a very rough, rude, turbulent boy. H i s features were coarse, his form u n gainly; and there was but very little in his character, made visible, which was attractive. When only thirteen years old he joined the volunteers of Carolina against the British invasion. I n w i t , he and his brother Robert were captured and imprisoned for a time at Camden. A British officer ordered him to brush his mud-spattered boots. " I am a prisoner of war, not your servant,- was the reply of the dauntless boy. The brute drew his sword, and aimed a desperate blow at the head o f the helpless young prisoner. Andrew raised his hand, and thus received two fearful gashes,—one on the hand and the other upon the head. T h e officer then turned to his brother Robert with the same demand. H e also refused, and received a blow front the keen-edged sabre, which quite disabled him, and which probably soon after caused his death. They suffered muchother ill-treatment, and were finally stricken with the {mall-pox. T h e i r mother was successful in obtaining their exchange, and wok her sick boys house. A f t e r a long illness Andrew recovered, and the death of his mother soon left him entirely friendless. Andrew supported himself in various ways, such as working at the saddler's trade, teaching school and clerking in a general store, until 1784, when he entered a law office at Salisbury, N. C. He, however, gave more attention to the wild amusements o f the times than to his studies. I n 1788, he was appointed solicitcr for the western district of North Carolina, of which 'rennessee was then a part. T h i s involved many long and tedious journeys amid dangers of every kind, but Andrew Jackson never knew fear, and the Indians had no desire to repeat a skirmish with the Sharp Knife. In 1791, Mr. Jackson was married to a woman who supposed herself divorced from her former husband. Great was the surprise of both parties, two years later, to find that the conditions of the divorce had just been definitely settled by the first husband. T h e marriage ceremony was performed a second time, but the occurrence was often used by his enemies to bring M r. Jackson into disfavor. During these years lie worked hard at his profession, and frequently had one or more duels on hand, one of which, when he killed Dickenson, was especially disgraceful. In January, 170, the Territory of Tennessee then containing nearly eighty thousand inhabitants, the people met in convention at Knoxville to frame a constitution. F i v e were sent from each o f the eleven counties. Andrew Jackson was one of the delegates. The new State was entitled to hut one member in the National House of Representatives. Andrew Jackson was chosen that member. Mounting his horse he rode to Philedelphia, where Congress then held its 4 ' ) 4 4 1 1 0 - 8 — . 4 0 �44 A N D R E W JACKSON. of the river enclosed nearly one hundred acres o f -,eilons,—a distance of about eight hundred miles. tangled forest and wild ravine. Across the narrow Jackson was an earnest advocate o f the Demoneck the Indians had constructed a formidable breastcratic party. Jefferson was his idol. H e admired work of logs and brush. Here nine hundred warriors, Bonaparte, loved France and hated England. A s Mr. with an ample suply of arms were assembled. Jackson took h i s seat, G e n . 1Vashington, whose second term of office was then expiring, delivered his The fort was stormed. ' T h e fight was utterly desperate. Not an Indian would accept of quarter. When last speech to Congress. A committee drew up a bleeding and (I) jug. they would fight those who encomplimentary address in reply. A n d r e w Jackson deavored to spare their lives. F r o m ten in the morndid not applove of the address, and was one of the ing until dark, the battle raged. T h e carnage was twelve who voted against it. H e was not willing to awful and revolting. Some threw themselves into the say that Gen. 1Vashington's adminstration had been river; but the interring bullet struck their heads as ' " wise, firm and patriotic." they swam. Nearly every one of the nine hundred warMr. Jackson was elected t o the United States Senate in 1797, but soon resigned and returned home. dos were killed A few probably, in the night, swam Soon after he was chosen Judge of the Supreme Court the river and escaped. T h i s ended the war. T h e of his State, which position he held Cr six years. power of the Creeks was broken forever. T h i s bold plunge into the wilderness, with its terriffic slaughter. When the war of 1812 with Great Britian commenced, Madison occupied the Presidential chair. so appalled the savages, that t h e haggard remnants Aaron Barr sent word to the President that there was of the bands cane to the camp, begging for peace. an unknown man in the West, Andrew Jackson, who Phis closing of the Creek war enabled us to conwould do credit to a commission i f one were concentrate all our militia upon the British, who were the ferred upon him. J u s t at that time Gen. Jackson allies of the Indians N o man o f less resolute will offered his services and those of twenty-five hurdred than Gen. Jackson could have conducted this Indian volunteers. H i s offer was accepted, and the troops campaign to so successful an issue Immediately he were assembled at Nashville. was appointed major-general. Late i n August, with a n army of two thousand As the British were hourly expected to make an a t men, on a rushing march, Gen. Jackson came t o tack upon New Orleans, where Gen. Wilkinson was Mobile. A British fleet came from Pensacola, landed in command, he was ordered t o descend the river a force upon the beach, anchored near the little fort, with fifteen hundred troops to aid Wilkinson. T h e expedition reached Natchez; and after a delay of sev- and from both ship and shore commenced a furious assault T h e battle was long and doubtful. A t length eral weeks there, without accomplishing anything, one of the ships was blown up a n d the rest retired. the men were ordered back to their homes. B u t the energy Gen. Jackson had displayed, and his entire Garrisoning Mobile, where he had taken h i s little devotion to the comrfort o f his soldiers, won h i m army, h e m o v e d h i s troops t o N e w Orleans, golden opinions; and he became the most popular And the battle o f New Orleans which soon ensued, man in the Stare. I t was in this expedition that his was in reality a very arduous campaign. T h i s won toughness gave him the nickname of "Old Hickory." for Gen. Jackson an imperishable name. H e r e his troops, which numbered about four thousand men. Soon after this, while attempting to horsewhip ('ol. won a signal victory over the British army of about Thomas H . Benton, for a remark that gentleman nine thousand. H i s loss was but thirteen, while the made about his taking a part as second in a duel, in which a younger brother of Benton's was engaged. loss of the British was two thousand six hundred. he received two severe pistol wounds. While he was The name of Gen. Jackson soon began to be menlingering upon a bed of suffering fleas came that the tioned in connection with the Presidency, but, in t 824, Indians, who had combined under Tecumseh from he was defeated by Mr. Adams. H e was, however. Florida to the Lakes, to exterminate the white setsuccessful in the election of 1828, and was re-elected tlers, were committing the most Ao ful ravages. D e for a second term in 3832. I n 1829, just before he cisive action became necessary. G e n . Jackson, with assumed the reins of the government, he m e t with his fractured bone just beginning to heal, his ann i n the most terrible affliction of his life in the death o f a sling, and unable to mount his horse without assis- his wife, whom he had loved with a devotion which has tance, gave his amazing energies to the raising of an perhaps never been surpassed. F r o m the shock o f army to rendezvous at Favettesville, Alabama. her death he never recovered. The Creek Indians had established a strong fort on His administration was one of the most memorable one of the bendsof the Tallapoosa River, near the cen- in the annals of our country; applauded by one party. ter of Alabama, abnitt fifty miles below Fort Strother. condemned by the other. N o man had more bitter With an army of two thousand men, Gen. Jackson enemies or warmer friends. A t the expiration of traversed the pathless wilderness in a march of eleven two terms of office he retired to the Hermitage. where days. H e reached their fort, called Tohopeka o r he died lune 8, 1845. T h e last years of M r. JackHorse-shoe, on the 27th of March. Oita. T h e bend son's life were that o f a devoted Christian man. W I — . —wee • ��-V,„6-1; • FIVIIIT11/ V)111 .XRTIN VA N BUREN, the eighth President o f t h e United States, was born at Ninderhook, N. V., Dec. 5, 1782. H e died at the 'aim' he went to the city of New York, and prosecuted his studies for the seventh year. In 1803, Mr. Van Buren, then twenty-one years of age, commenced the practice of law in his native vdlage. T h e great conflict between the Federal and 1$1.1e.C, J u l y 2 4 . , 8 6 z . H i s Republican party Was then at its height. M r . Van body rests in the cemetery Buren was from the beginning a politician. H e had, at Kinderhook. .‘huve it is perhaps, imbibed that spirit while listening to the a 'Asia granite shaft fifteen feet many discussions which had been carried on in his high. bearing a simple inscription father's hotel. H e was in cordial sympathy with abort hail way up on one face. Jefferson, and earnestly and eloquently espoused the The kw is unfenced, unliordered cause ("State Rights; though at that time the Federal party held the supremacy both i n his town or unbounded by shrub or dower. rime is but link to the We of Martin Van Buren and State. His success and increasing ruputation led hint actmonastic interest. H e Sought no &Mlle% engaged at no wild adventures. Though his life was stormy in after six years of practice, to remove to Hudson, th political and Intellectual conflicts, and he gained many county seat of hi.. county. Here he spent seven years Ovoid vicunas his days passed uneventful in those constantly gaining strength by contending in the courts with some of the ablest men who have adorned incidents which give test t o biography. H i s an. .•14 i r - r r e a p of it-kis in t 119/.4-",g! w o r e ; We'd O f h before he could eil-nett.41 #4., .11. ' . 4 , I , t i . t i f ' d atarry Imtmoran. owl •-on....?CPU{ .S n'td V I I I ' F e . =i-e=1 fen st•veli=m with .orleiattpat=1---ding sae years in an office n h . 4 ' a t t i r e v i l l a g e 4 I t winvinctritinn I n t i t s : he wa. ,yonted Itttorney.e.rnetal• end the nest Tear R. i t r h i n T. I/1r • a t o t a l t h e G a t e WhtLe1...a. aritr.rowle.16.11 s • one of the - - • - • 1. ,.-t• • i r p a r t \ �4$1.— • -4IM 48 M A R T I N VA N BUREN. the moral courage to avow that true democracy did not require that " universal suffrage" which admits the vile, the degraded, the ignorant, to the right o f governing the State. I n true consistency with his democratic principles, lie contended that, while the path leading to the privilege of voting should be open to every man without distinction, no one should be invested with that sacred prerogative, unless he were in some degree qualified for it by intelligence, virtue and sonic property interests i n t h e welfare o f the State. In t82t he was elected a member of the United States Senate; and in the same year, he took a seat in the convention t o revise the constitution o f his native State. H i s course in this convention secured the approval of men of all parties. N o one could doubt the singleness of his endeavors to promote the interests of all classes in the community. I n t h e Senate of the United States, h e rose at once to a conspicuous position as an active and useful legislator. In 1827, John Quincy Adams being then i n the Presidential chair, M r. Van Buren was re-elected to the Senate. H e had been from the beginning a determined opposer of the Administration, adopting the "State Rights " view i n opposition t o what was deemed the Federal proclivities of Mr. Adams. Soon after this, in 0328, he was chosen Governorof the State of New York, and accordingly resigned his seat in the Senate. Probably no one in the United States contributed so much towards ejecting John Q. Adams from the Presidential chair, and placing in it Andrew Jackson, as did Martin Van Buren. Whether entitled to the reputation or not, he certainly was regarded throughout the United States as one o f the most skillful, sagacious and cunning o f politicians. It was supposed that no one knew so well as he how to touch the secret springs of action; how to pull all the wires to put his machinery in motion; and how to organize a political army which would, secretly and stealthily accomplish the most gigantic results. B y these powers it is said that he outwitted M r. Adams, Mr. Clay, Mr. NYebster, and secured results which few thought then could be accomplished. When Andrew Jackson was elected President h e appointed Mr. Van Buren Secretary o f State. T h i s position he resigned in 1831, a i d was immediately appointed Minister to England, where h e went the same aittiimn. T h e Senate, however, when i t met, f r e f u s e d t o ratify the nomination, and he returned home, apparently untroubled; was nominated Vice President in the place of Calhoun, at the re-election of President Jackson; and with smiles for all and frowns for none, he took his place at the head of that Senate which had refused to confirm his nomination as ambassador. His rejection by the Senate roused all the zeal o f President Jackson in behalf of his repudiated favorite; and this, probably more than any other Cause. secured his elevation to the chair of the Chief Executive. O n the zoth of May, 1836, Mr. Van Buren received the Democratic nomination t o succeed Gen. Jackson as President of the United States. H e was elected by a handsome majority, to the delight of the retiring President. " Leaving New York out o f the canvass," says Mr. Parton, "the election of Mr. Va n Buren to the Presidency was as much the act of Gen. Jackson a s though the Constitution had conferred upon hint the power to appoint a successor." His administration was filled with exciting events. The insurrection in Canada. which threatened to i n volve this country in war with England, the agitation of the slavery question, and finally the great commercial panic which spread over the country, all were trials to his wisdom. T h e financial distress was attributed to the management of the Democratic party, and brought the President into such disfavor that he failed of re-election. With the exception o f being nominated for the Presidency by the " Free Soil " Democrats, in 1848, Mr. Van Buren lived quietly upon his estate until his death. He had ever been a prudent man, of frugal habits. and living within his income, had now fortunately a competence for his declining years. H i s unblemished character, his commanding abilities, his unquestioned patriotism, and the distinguished positions which he had occupied in the government of our country. secured to him not only the homage o f his party, but the respect of the whole community. I t was on the 4th of March, 1841, that Mr. Van Buren retired from the presidency. F r o m his fine estate at Lindenwold, he still exerted a powerful influence upon the politics of the country. F r o m this time until his death, o n the 24th of July, 1862, at the age of eighty ;•ears, he resided at Lindenwald, a gentleman o f leisure, o f culture and o f wealth; enjoying in a healthy old age, probably far more happiness than he had before experienced amid the stormy scenes of his active life. 410-0-41141 �l A �1 za 25,freo--2-4X0--- 1 It NL �000-111--41• N I N T H P R E S / D A : N T. S' WILLIAM U M W amoittsu, .%*'` ILLIAM H E N RY HARRISON, the ninth President of the United States, was born at Berkeley. Va., Feb. 9, '773. His father, Benjamin Harrison, was in comparatively opulent circumstances, and was one of the most distinguished men of his day. H e was an intimate friend o f George Washington, was early elected a member of the Continental Congress, and was conspicuous among the patriots of Virginia in resisting the encroachments of the British crown. I n the celebrated Congress of t775, Benjamin Harrison and John Hancock were both candidates for the office of speaker. Mr Harrison was subsequently chosen Governor of Virginia, and was twice re-elected. H i s son, William Henry, of course enjoyed in childhood all the advantages which wealth and intellectual and cultivated society could give. H a v ing received a thorough common-school education, he entered Hampden Sidney College, where he graduated with honor soon after the death of his father. H e then repaired to Philadelphia tustudy medicine under the instructions of Dr. Rush and the guardianship of Robert Morris. both of whom were, with his father. signers of the Declaration of Independence. 'Open the outbreak of the Indian troubles, and notwithstanding the remonstrances o f his fnends, he abandoned his medical studies and entered the army, having obtained a commission of Ensign from PresiM▶ dent Washington. H e was then but 19 years old. From that time lie passed gradually upward in rank until lie became aid to General Wayne, after whose death lie resigned his commission. H e was then appointed Secretary of the North-western Territory. This Territory was then entitled to but one member in Congress and Capt. Harrison was chosen to fill that position. In the spring of [Soo the North-western Territory was divided by Congress into two portions. T h e eastern portion, comprising the region now embraced in the State of Ohio, was called " The Territory north-west of the Ohio." T h e western portion, which included what is now called Indiana, Illinois and %Wisconsin, was called the "Indiana Territory." William Henry Harrison, then 27 years of age, was appointed by John Adams, Governor o f the Indiana Territory, and immediately after, also Governor of Upper Louisiana. H e was thus ruler over almost as extensive a realm as any sovereign upon the globe. He was Superintendent of Indian Affairs, and was invested with powers nearly dictatorial over the now rapidly increasing white population. T h e ability and fidelity with which he discharged these responsible duties may be inferred from the fact that he was four times appointed to this office—first by John Adams, twice by Thomas Jefferson and afterwards by President Madison. When he began his adminstration there were but three white settlementsin that almost boundless region, naw crowded with cities and resounding with all the tumult of wealth and traffic. One of these settlements was on the Ohio, nearly opposite Louisville; one at Vincennes, on the Wabash, and the third a French settlement. The vast wilderness over which Gov. Harri..n reigned was filled with many tribes of Indians About —116 �WILLIAM H E N R Y HARRISON. Its Gov. Harrison now had all his energies tasked the year 1806, two extraordinary men, twin brothers, to the utmost. T h e British descending from the Canof the Shawnese tribe, rose among them. O n e o f these was called Tecumseh, or " The Crouching. a.das, were of themselves a very formidable force ; but with their savage allies, rushing like wolves from the Panther;" the other, 011iwacheca, or " The Prophet. Tecumseh was not only an Indian warrior, but a man forest, searching out every remote farm-house, burnof great sagacity, far-reaching foresight and indomit- ing, plundering, scalping, torturing, the wide frontier able perseverance in any enterprise in which he might was plunged into a state of consternation which even engage. H e was inspired with the highest enthusiasm, the most vivid imagination can but faintly conceive. The war-whoop was resounding everywhere in the and had long regarded with dread and with hatred the encroachment of the whites upon the hunting- forest. The honnon was illuminated with the conflagragrounds of his fathers. H i s brother, the Prophet, was tion of the cabins of the settlers. G e n Hull had made an orator, who could sway the feelings of the untutored the ignominious surrender of his forces a t Detroit. Under these despairing circumstances, Gov. Harrison Indian as the gale tossed the tree-tops beneath which they dwelt. was appointed by Pre,ident Madison cominander-inBut the Prophet was not merely an orator: he was, chief of the North-western army, with orders to retake in the superstitious minds of the Indians, invested Detroit, and to protect the frontiers. with the superhuman dignity of a medicine-man or a It would be difficult to place a man in a situation demanding more energy, sagacity and courage; but magician. With an enthusiasm unsurpassed by Peter the Hermit musing Europe to the crusades, he went General Harrison was found equal to the position, from tribe to tribe, assuming that he was specially sent and nobly and triumphantly did• he meet all the re by the Great Spirit. sponsibilities. Gov. Harrison made many attempts to conciliate He won the love of his soldiers by always sharing the Indians, but at last the war came, and at Tippe- with them their fatigue. ' His whole baggage, while canoe the Indians were routed with great slaughter. pursuing the foe up the Thames, was earned i n a October 28, 1812, his army began its march. W h e n valise; and his bedding consisted of a single blanket near the Prophet's town three Indians of rank made lashed over his saddle. Thirty-five British officers, their appearance and inquired why Gov. Harrison was his prisoners of war, supped with him after the battle. approaching them in so hostile an attitude. A f t e r a The only fare he could give them was beef roasted short conference, arrangements were made for a meet- before the fire, without bread or salt. ing the next day, to agree upon terms of peace. In t816, Gen. Harrison was chosen a member of But Gov. Harrison was too well acquainted with the National House of Representatives, to represent the Indian character to be deceived by such protes- the District of Ohio. I n Congress he proved a n tations. Selecting a favorable spot for his night's e n - active member; and whenever he spoke, it was with campment, be took every precaution against surprise. force of reason and power of eloquence, which arrested His troops were posted in a hollow square, and slept the attention of all the members. upon their arms. In 1819, Harrison was elected t o the Senate of The troops threw themselves upon the ground for Ohio; and in 1824, as oneof the presidential electors rest; but every man had his accourtrements on, his of that State, he gave his vote for Henry Clay. T h e loaded musket by his side,and his bayonet fixed. The same year he was chosen to the United States Senate. wakeful Governor, between three and four o'clock in In. 1836, the friends of Gen. Harrison brought Rini the morning, had risen, and was sitting in conversa- forward as a candidate for the Presidency against tion with his aids by the embers of a waning fire. I t Van Buren, but he was defeated- A t the close of was a chill, dourly morning with a drizzling rain, I n Mr. Van Buren's term, he was re-nominated by his the darkness, the Indians had crept as near as possi- party, and Mr. Harrison was unanimously nominated ble, and just then, with a savage yell, rushed, with all by the Whigs, with John Tyler for the Vice Presidency. the desperation which superstition and passion most The contest was very animated. G e n Jackson gave highly inflamed could give, upon the left flank of the all his influence to prevent Harrison's election ; but little army. T h e savages had been amply provided his triumph was signal. with guns and ammunition by the English. T h e i r The cabinet which he formed, with Daniel 1Vebster war-whoop was accompained by a shower of bullets. at its head as Secretary of State, was one of the most The camp-fires were instantly extinguished, as the brilliant with which any President had ever been light aided the Indians in their aim. W i t h hide- surrounded. N e v e r were the prospects of an adminous yells, the Indian hands rushed on, not doubting a istration more flattering, or the hopes of the country speedy and an entire victory. B u t Gen. Harrison's more sanguine. I n the midst o f these bright and troops stood as immovable as the rocks around them joyous prospects, Gen. Harrison was seized by a until day dawned : they then made a simultaneous pleurisy-fever and after a few days of violent sickc r o h r a c r g e t h w e i m t h . a n , th dbacyoomneptieatenidyswrileupttineevezthfintrig e be- just one month after ness, died on the 4th of April; his inauguration as President of the United States.4404.4. - - — --,4 ��Z E N T H P R E S I D E N T. 55 .1 1L.P, '•'• 40.4. V W JOHN TYLER. OHN T Y L E R , t h e tenth ment, a protective tariff, and advocating a strict conPresident of the United States. struction of the Constitution, and the most careful He was born in Charles-city vigilance over State rights. H i s labors in Congress Co.. Va., March:9,179o. H e were so arduous that before the close of his second was the favored child o f af- term h.: found it necessary to resign and retire t o his • fluence and high social poestate in Charles-city Co., to recruit his health. H e , sition. A t the early age o f however, soon after consented to take his seat in the twelve. John entered IVilliam State Legislature, where his influence was powerful and Mary College and grad- in promoting public works of great utility. W i t h a uated with much honor when reputation thus canstantly increasing, he was chosen by a very large majority of votes, Governor o f his but seventeen years old. After native State. H i s administration was signally a sucgraduating. he devoted himcessful one. H i s popularity secured his re-election. self with great assiduity to the John Randolph, a brilliant, erratic, half-crazed study o f law, partly with h i s man, then represented Virginia in the Senate of the father and p a l l y with Edmund Randolph. one of the most distin- United States A portion of the Democratic party was displeased with Mr. Randolph's wayward course, guished lawyers of Virginia. and brought forward John Tyler as his opponent, At nineteen years of age. rte considering him the only man in Virginia of sufficient commenced the practice of law. His nieces* was rapid and aston- popularity to sui cecd against the renowned orator of Roanoke. M r . Tjler was the victor. ishing. I t i s said that three In accordance with his professions, upon taking hi, months had not elapsed ere there was scarcely a case on the dock- seat in the Senate, he joined the ranks of the opposition. H e opposed the tariff; he spoke against and et of the court in which he was tee sosaiwod. W h e n but twenty-one wears of age. he voted against the bank as unconstitutional; he strenuously opposed all restrictions upon slavery, resist• was almost unanimovely elected to a seat in the State ing all protects of internal improvements by the Gen1.egislature. H e ecionected himself with the Demoeral Government. and avowed his sympathy with Mr. . ran.: party, and warmly advviceind the 0166111111ft of Calhoun's view of nullification; he declared that Gen. Jefferson and Machine. F o r live enexeseive yam be Jackson, by his opposition t o the nullifiers, had was ekcted to the Legislature. receiving seedy the absodused the principles of the Itemocraik party. es/maintain mite or his counts Such was Mr. Tyler's record in Congress,—a record When but twenty-sis years of age. he was elected in w h o accordance with the principles which l • • member of Congress. H e r e he acted earnestly and had always avowed, kruirnina to Villain, he resumed the practice of ably with the tremocrabc parts. opposing 1 natronal beak. soma' inspitmements by the General Govern- his prolesston. There was a :plit in the Pernocrairt als-- • -Yaw �56 J O H N TYLER. party. H i s friends still regarded him as a true JO:fersonian, gave him a dinner, and showered compliments upon him. H e had now attained the age o f forty-six. H i s career had been very brilliant. I n consequence of his devotion to public business, his pnvate affairs had fallen into some disorder; and it was not without satisfaction that he resumed the practice of law, and devoted himself to the culture of his plantation. Soon after this he renio%ed to Williamsburg, for the better education of his children; and he again took his seat in the Legislature of Virginia. By the Southern Whigs, he was sent to the national convention at Harrisburg to nominate a President in 1839. The majority of votes were given to Gen. Harrison, a genuine Whig, much to the disappointment of the South, who wished for Henry Clay. T o conciliate the Southern Whigs and to secure their vote, the convention then nominated John Tyler for Vice President. I t was well known that he was not in sympathy with the Whig party in the North : b u t the Vice President has but very little power in the Government, his main and almost only duty being to preside over the meetings of the Senate. T h u s it happened that a Whig President, and, i n reality, a Democratic Vice President were chosen. In 1841, Mr. Tyler was inaugurated Vice President of the United States. I n one short month from that time, President Harrison died, and M r. Ty l e r thus found himself, to his own surprise and that o f the whole Nation, an occupant o f the Presidential chair. T h i s was a new test o f the stability o f our institutions, as it was the first time in the history ofour country that such an event had occured. M r . Tyler was at home in Williamsburg when he received t h e unexpected tidings of the death of President Harrison. H e hastened to Washington, and on the 6th of Apnl was inaugurated to the high and responsible office. H e was placed in a position o f exceeding delicacy and difficulty. A l l his long life he had been opposed to the main principles of the party which had brought hint into power. H e had ever been a consistent, honest man, with a n unblemished record. Gen. Harrison had selected a Whig cabinet. Should he retain them, and thus surround himself with counsellors whose views were antagonistic to his own? or, on the other hand, should he turn against the party which had elected him and select a cabinet i n harmony with himself, and which would oppose all those views which the Whigs deemed essential to the public welfare? T h i s was his fearful dilemma. H e invited the cabinet which President Harrison h a d selected to retain their seats. H e reccornmended day of fasting and prayer, that God would guide and bless us. The Whigs carried through Congress a bill for the incorporation of a fiscal bank o f the United States. The President, after ten days' delay, returned i t with his veto. H e suggested, however. that he rvould approve of a bill drawn up upon such a plan as h e proposed. Such a bill was accordingly prepared, and privately submitted to him. H e gave it his approval It was passed without alteration, and he sent n back with his veto. H e r e commenced the open rupture. It is said that Mr. Tyler was provoked to this measure by a published letter from t h e Hon. John M . Botts, a distinguished Virginia Whig, who severely touched the pride of the President. The opposition now exultingly received the President into their anus. T h e party which elected him denounced h i m bitterly. A l l the members o f his cabinet, excepting Mr. Webster, resigned. The Whigs of Congress, both the Senate and the House, held a meeting and issued an address to the people o f the United States, proclaiming that all political alliance between the Whigs a n d President Ty l e r were a t an end. Still the President attempted to conciliate. H e appointed a new cabinet of distinguished Whigs and Conservatives, carefully leaving out all strong party men. M r . 1Vebster soon found it necessary to resign, forced out by the pressure of his Whig friends. T h u s the four years of Mr. Tyler's unfortunate administration passed sadly away. N o one was satisfied. T h e land was filled with murmurs and vituperation. Whigs and Democrats alike assailed him. M o r e and more, however, he brought himself into sympathy with his old friends, the Democrats, until at the close of his term, he gave his whole influence to the support o f M r. Polk, the Deinocratie candidate for his successor. On the 4th o f March, 1845, he retired front the harassments of office, to the regret of neither party, and probably to his own unspeakable relief. H i s first wife, Miss Letitia Christian, died in Washington, in 1842; and in June, 1844, President Tyler was again married, at New York, to Miss Julia Gardiner, a young lady of many personal and intellectual accomplishments. The remainder of his days Mr. Tyler passed mainly in retirement at his beautiful home,—Sherwood Forest, Charles•city Co., Va. A polished gentleman i n his manners, richly furnished with information from books and experience in the world, and possessing brilliant powers of conversation, his family circle was the scene o f unusual attractions. W i t h sufficient inzans for the exercise of a generous hospitality, he might have enjoyed a serene old age with the few friends who gathered around hint, were it not f o r the storms o f civil w a r which his own principles and policy had helped to introduce. !Then the great Rebellion rose, which the Staterights and nullifying doctrines of M r. John C. Calhoun had inaugurated, President Tyler renounced his allegiance to the United States, and joined the Confederates. H e was chosen a member of their Congress; and while engaged in active measures to destroy, by force of arms, the Government over which h e had i s . . . once presided, he was taken sick and soon died. L . ��AMES K. POLK, the eleventh President of the United States, was born in Mecklenburg Co., N. C., Nov. 2, 1795. H i s parents were Samuel and Jane (Knox) Polk, the former a sun of Col. Thomas Polk. who located at the above place, as one of the first pioneers, in 1735. In the year icio6, with his wife and children, and soon after followed by most of the members o f the Polk famly, Santud Polk emigrated some two or three hundred miles farther west, to the rich valley of the Duck River. H e r e i n the midst of the wilderness, in a region which was subsequently called Maury Co. they reared their log huts, and established their homes. I n the hard toil of a new farm in the wilderness, James K. Polk spent the early years of his childhood and youth. H i s father, adding the pursuit of a surveyor to that of a farmer, gradually increased in wealth until he became one of the leading men of the region Ili% mother was a superior woman, of tarot% intuition sense and earnest piety. Very early in life, James developed a taste for reading and expressed the strongest desire to obtain t 1.ber LI ed•ication. H i s mother's training had made methr,dical in his habits, had taught him ponce.ditv ar,d industry, and had inspired him with lofty iples of morality. His health was frail ; and his lather, fearing that he might not be able to endure a sedentary life, got a situation for him behind the counter, hoping to fit hint for commercial pursuits. This was to James a bitter disappointment. H e had no taste for these duties, and his daily tasks were irksome in the extreme. H e remained i n this uncongenial occupation but a few weeks, when at his earnest solicitation his father removed him, and made arrangements for him to prosecute his studies. Soon after he sent him to Murfreesboro Academy. W i t h ardor which could scarcely be surpassed, he pressed forward in his studies, and in less than two and a half years, in the autumn of r8t5, entered the sophomore class in the University of North Carolina, at Chapel Hill. H e r e he was one of the most exemplary of scholars, punctual in every exercise, never allowing himself to be absent from a recitation or a religious service. He graduated in 1818, with the highest honors, being deemed the best scholar of his class, both i n mathematics and the classics. H e was then twentythree years of age. M r . Polk's health was at this time much impaired by the assiduity with which he had prosecuted his studies. A f t e r a short season o f relaxation l i e went to Nashville, and entered t h e office of Felix Grundy, to study law. Here Mr. Polk renewed his acquaintance with Andrew Jackson, who resided on his plantation, the Hermitage, but a few miles from Nashville. T h e y had pmbably been slightly acquainted before. Mr. Polk's father was a Jeffersonian Republican, and James K. Polk ever adhered to the same political faith. H e was a popular public speaker, and was constantly called upon to address the meetings of his party friends. H i s skill as a speaker was such that he was popularly called the Napoleon of the stump. He was a man of unblemished morals, genial and �y 6o fel APES K. P O L K courteous in his bearing, and with that sympathetic nature in the joys and griefs of others which ever gave him troops of friends. I n 1823, Mr. Polk was elected to the Legislature of Tennessee. H e r e he gave his strong influence towards the election o f his friend, air. Jackson, to the Presidency of the United States. In January, 1824, Mr. Polk married Miss Sarah Childress, of Rutherford Co., Tenn. H i s bride was altogether worthy of him,—a lady of beauty and culture. I n the fall of 1825, M r. Polk was chosen a member of Congress. The satisfaction which he gave to his constituents may be inferred from the fact, that for fourteen successive years, until 1839, he was continued in that office. H e then voluntarily withdrew, only that he might accept the Gubernatorial chair of Tennessee. I n Congress he was a laborious member, a frequent and a popular speaker. H e was always in his seat, always courteous; a n d whenever he spoke it was always to the point, and without any ambitious rhetorical display. During five sessions o f Congress, Mr. Polk was Speaker of the House. Strong passions were roused, and stormy scenes were witnessed ; but Mr. Polk performed his -arduous duties to a very general satisfaction, and a unanimous vote of thanks to him was passed by the House as he withdrew on the 4111 o f March, 1839. In accordance with Southern usage, Mr. Polk, as a candidate for Governor, canvassed the State. H e was elected by a,large majority, and on the I 4th of October, 1839, took the oath of office at Nashville. I n 1841, his term of office expired, and he was again the candidate of the Democratic party, but was defeated. On the 4th of March, 1845, Mr. Polk was inaugurated President of the United States. T h e verdict of the country in favor of the annexation of Texas, exerted its influence upon Congress ; and the last act of the administration of President Tyler was to affix his signature to a joint resolution of Congress, passed on the 3d of March, approving of the annexation of Texas to the American Union. A s Mexico still claimed Texas as one o f her provinces, t h e Mexican minister, Almonte, immediately demanded his passports and left the country, declaring the act of the annexation to be an act hostile to Mexico. In his first message, President Polk urged that Texas should immediatel;,. by act of Congress, be received into the Union on the same footing with the other States. I n the meantime, Gen. Taylor was sent VIIMP with an army into Texas to hold the country. H e was sent first to Nueces, which the Mexicans said was the western boundary of Texas. Then lie was sent nearly two hundred miles further west, to the Rio Grande. where he erected batteries which commanded the Mexican city of Matamoras, which was situated r.oi the western banks. The anticipated collision soon took place, and war was declared against Mexico by President Polk- T h e war was pushed forward by Mr. Polk's administration with great vigor. G e n . Taylor, whose army was first called one of "observation," then o f " occupation.then of " invasion, " was sent forward to Monterey. The feeble Mexicans, in every encounter, were hopelessly and awfully slaughtered. T h e day of judgement alone can reveal the misery which this war caused. It was by the ingenuity of Mr. Polk's administration that the war was brought on. ' To the victors belong the spoils." Mexico was prostrate before us. H e r capital was in our hands. We now consented to peace upon the condition that Mexico should surrender to us, in addition to Texas. all of New Mexico, and all of Upper and Lower California. T h i s new demand embraced, exclusive of Texas, eight hundred thousand square miles. T h i s was an extent of territory equal to nine States of the size of New York. Thus slavery was securing eighteen majestic States to be added to the Union. There were some Americans who thought it all right: there were others who thought it all wrong. I n the prosecution of this war, we expended twenty thousand lives and more than a hundred million o f dollars. O f this money fifteen millions were paid to Mexico. On the 3d of March, 1849, Mr. Polk retired from office, having served one term. T h e next day was Sunday. O n the 5th, Gen. Taylor was inaugurated as his successor. M r . Polk rode to the Capitol in the same carriage with Gen. Taylor; and the same evening, with Mrs. Polk, he commenced his return Tennessee. H e was then but fifty-four years of age. He had ever been strictly temperate in all his habits, and his health was good W i t h an ample fortune, a choice library, a cultivated mind, and domestic ties of the dearest nature, it seemed as though long years of tranquility and happiness were before him. Hut the cholera—that fearful scourge—was then sweeping up the Valley of the Mississippi. T h i s he contracted. and died on the 15th of June, 1849,in the fifty-fourth year of his age, greatly mourned by his countrymen. Mos �A A �1 �T IVE L F Thy P R E S I D E -1'1'. ACHARY TAY L O R , twelfth President of the United States, was born on the 24th o f Nov., 1784, in Orange Co., Va. H i s father, Colonel Ta y l o r, w a s a Virginian of note, and a distinguished patriot and soldier of the Revolution. W h e n Zachary was an infant, his father with his wife and two children, emigrated to Kentucky, where he settled in the pathless wilderness, a few miles from Louisville. I n this frontier home, away from civilization and all its refinements, young Zachary could enjoy but few social and educational advantages. When six years of age he attended a common school, and was then regarded as A bright. active boy. father remarkable for bluntness and decision of character H e was strung, fearless and self-reliant, and manifested k strong desire to enter the army t o fight 'he Indians who were ravaging the frontiers. T h e r e is little to be recorded of the uneventful }ears of his childhood can his father's large but lonely plantation. In t8o8, his father succeeded in obtaining for him the commission o f lieutenant in t h e United States army : and he joined the troops which were stationed at New Orleans under Gen. Wilkinson. So o n after this he married Miss Margaret Smith, a young lady from one of the first families of Maryland. Immediately after the declaration of war with England, in t812, Capt. Taylor (for he had then been promoted to that rank) was put in command o f Fort Harrison, on t h e Wabash, about fifty miles above Vincennes. T h i s fort had been built in the wilderness by Gen. Harrisomon his march to Tippecanoe. It was one of the first points of attack by the Indians, 'led by Tecumseh. I t s garrison consisted of a broken + 63 company of infantry numbering fifty men, many of whom were sick. Early in the autumn of 1812, the Indians, stealthily, and in large numbers, moved upon the fort. T h e i r approach was first indicated by the murder o f two soldiers just outside of the stockade. C a p t . Taylor made every possible preparation to meet the anticipated assault. O n the 4th of September, a band o f forty painted and plumed savages came to the fort, waving a white flag, and informed Capt. Taylor that in the morning their chief would come to have a talk with him. I t was evident that their object was merely to ascertain the state of things at the fort, and Capt. Taylor, well versed in the wiles of the savages, kept them at a distance. The sun went down ; the savages disappeared, the garrison slept upon their arms. O n e hour before midnight the war-whoop burst from a thousand lips in the forest around, followed by the discharge o f musketry, and the rush of the foe. E v e r y man, sick and well, sprang to his post. E v e r y man knew that defeat was not merely death, but in the case of capture, death by the most agonizing and prolonged torture. N o pen can describe, no immagination can conceive the scenes which ensued. T h e savages succeeded i n setting fire t o one o f the block-houses. Until six o'clock in the morning, this awful conflict continued. T h e savages then, baffled at every point, and gnashing their teeth with rage, retired. C a p t . 'Taylor, for this gallant defence, was promoted to the rank of major by brevet. Until the close of the war, Major Taylor was placed in such situations that lie saw but little more of active service. H e was sent far away into the depths of the wilderness, to Fort Crawford, on Fox River, which empties into Green Bay. H e r e there was but little to be done but to wear away the tedious hours as one best could. T h e r e were no books, no society, no in- �N 64 ZACIIAR Y TAY L O R . tellectual stimulus. T h u s with him the uneventful years rolled on Gradually he rose t o the rank of colonel. I n the Black-Hawk war, which resulted in the capture of that renowned chieftain, Col Taylor took a subordinate but a brave and efficient part. For twenty-four years Col. Taylor was engaged in the defence of the frontiers, in scenes so remote, and in employments so obscure, that his name was unknown beyond the limits of his own immediate acquaintance. In the year t836, he was sent to Florida to compel the Seminole Indians to vacate that region and r e tire beyond the Mississippi, as their chiefs by treaty, had promised they should do. T h e services rendered here secured for Col. Taylor the high appreciation of the Government; and as a reward, he was elevated to the rank of brigadier-general by brevet ; and soon after, in May, 1838, was appointed to the chief command of the United States troops in Florida. After two years of such wearisome employment amidst the everglades of the peninsula, Gen. Taylor obtained, at his own request, a change of command, and was stationed over the Department of the Southwest.. T h i s field embraced Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Georgia. Establishing his headquarters at Fort Jessup, in Louisiana, he removed his family to a plantation which he purchased, near Baton Rogue. Here he remained for five years, buried, as i t were, from the world, but faithfully discharging every duty imposed upon him. In 1846, Gen. Taylor was sent to guard the land between the Nueces and Rio Grande, the latter river being the boundary of Texas, which was then claimed by the United States. Soon the war with Mexico was brought on, and at Palo Alto and Resaca de la Palma, Gen. Taylor won brilliant victories over the Mexicans. T h e rank o f major-general by brevet was then conferred upon Gen. Taylor, and his name was received with enthusiasm almost everywhere in the Nation. T h e n came the battles of Monterey and Buena Vista in which he won signal victories over forces much larger than he commanded. His careless habits o f dress and his unaffected simplicity, secured for Gen. Taylor among his troops, the sobriquet of " Old Rough and Ready.' Tne tidings of the brilliant victory of Buena Vista spread the wildest enthusiasm over the country. The name of Gen. Taylor was on every one's lips. T h e Whig party decided to take advantage of this wonderful popularity in brinFing forward the unpolished, unlettered, honest soldier as their candidate for the Presidency. G e n . Taylor was astonished at the announcement, and for a time would not listen to it; declaring that he was not at all qualified for such an office. S o little interest had he taken in politics that, for forty years, he had not cast a vote. I t was not without chagrin that several distinguished statesmen who had been long nears in the public service found their claims set aside in behalf of one whose name had never been heard of, save in connection with Palo Alto, Resaca de l a Palma, Monterey and Buena Vista. I t is said that Daniel Webster, in his haste r e marked, " It is a nomination not fit to be made." Gen. Taylor was not an eloquent speaker nor a fine wnter H i s friends took possession of hint, and prepared such few communications as i t was needful should be presented to the public. T h e popularity of the successful warrior swept the land. H e was triumphantly elected over two opposing candidates,— Gen. Cass and E x -President Martin Va n Burcn. Though he selected an excellent cabinet, the good old man found himself in a very uncongenial position, and was, at times, sorely perplexed and harassed. His mental sufferings were very severe, and probably tended to hasten his death. T h e pro-slavery party was pushing its claims with tireless energy, expeditions were fitting out to capture Cuba ; California was pleading for admission to the Union, while slavery stood at the door to bar her out. G e n . Taylor found the political conflicts in ‘Vashington to be far more trying to the nerves than battles with Mexicans or Indians. In the midst of all these troubles, Gen. Taylor, after he had occupied the Presidential chair but little over a year, took cold, and after a brief sickness of but little over five days, died on the gth of July, 18$0. His last words were, " I am not afraid to die. I am ready. I have endeavored to do my duty." H e died universally respected and beloved. A n honest, u n pretending man, he had been steadily growing in the affections of the people; and the Nation bitterly lamented his death. Gen. Scott, who was thoroughly acquainted with Gen. Taylor, gave the following graphic and truthful description of his character:—" With a good store of common sense, Gen. Taylor's mind had not been enlarged and refreshed by reading, or much converse with the world. Rigidity of ideas was the consequence. T h e frontiers and small military posts had been his home. H e n c e he was quite ignorant for his rank, and quite bigoted in his ignorance. H i s simplicity was child-like, and with innumerable prejudices, amusing and incorrigible, well suited t o the tender age. T h u s , if a man, however respectable, chanced to wear a coat of an unusual color, or his hat a little on one side of his head; or an officer to leave a corner of his handkerchief dangling from an outside pocket,—in any such case, this critic held the offender to be a coxcomb (perhaps something worsel, whom he would not, to use his oft repeated phrase, ' touch with a pair of tongs.' "Any allusion to literature beyond good old Dilworth's spelling-book, on the part of one wearing a sword, was evidence, with the same judge, o f utter unfitness for heavy marchings and combats. I n short, few men have ever had a more comfortable. laborsaving contempt for learnir g of every kind." o w l 4 �A ��THIRTEENTH PRESIDENT 67 FILLMEIRE.44 - P i t • 1 L L A R D FILLMORE, thir- enterprising man had commenced the collection of a village library. T h i s proved an inestimable blessing teenth President of the United States, was born at Summer to young Fillmore. H i s evenings were spent in reading. Soon every leisure moment was occupied with Hill, Cayuga Co., N . V .. on books. H i s thirst for knowledge became insatiate; the 7th of January. Igo). His father was a farmer, and o w - and the selections which he made were continually ing to misfortune. in humble cir- more elevating and instructive. H e read history, biography. oratory, and thus gradually there was e n consultant-es. O f his mother, the daughter of Dr. Abiathar Millard, kindled in his heart a desire to be something more than a mere worker with his hands; and he was beof Pittsfield.. Mass.. it has been coming, almost unknown to himself, a well-informed, told that she possessed an intellect dewy high ceder, united with much educated man. The young clothier had now attained the age of personal loveliness, sweetness of disnineteen years, and was of fine personal appearancr position. graceful manners and exand of gentlemanly demeanor. I t so happened 01 quisite sensibilities. S h e died i n there was a gentleman in the neighborhood of ample ; having lived to see her son a young man of distinguished prom- pecuniary means and of benevolence,—Judge Waltrr WhOd, —who was struck with the prepossessing a 1,ise, though she was not permitted to witness the high pearance of young Fillmore. H e made his acquaint•lignuy why- h he finally attained. ani e, and was so much impressed with his ability an, I In tr,nscq.tence of the secluded home and limited irwtni ' i . s father. Millard enpoyed but slerder ad- attainments that lie advised him t o abandon 1,, trade and devote himself to the study of the law 1 v f o r V . f t v , r , i t . r ! , • r.rn % r • - r „ • 1 1 0 . 1 no rnranc of hoc,.. • . and eitoentov-: r e r r w a s n o t h i n g then In h i s ...twi- st-re, irstlic_Ve 1 . n l i t A n t career upon which he was clout u, Inter F i e was a plain farmer's boy , neteiligest, good-looking. kind-hearted. T h e accred ianneirces of home had taught hint to revere the Bible. and And laid the foundations of an opright character. M e n fourteeis years o f age, his father sent him Moe Ilmodired miles hots home. m the then wilds of Littimpos Clancy. to learn the trade of a rinrivier. Mee v i a Imre was a omen vilfieee, where mine aerY-111--41111 . t r y 1 1 1 1 , , . • , , , r t i 1 . 1 1 I g C so much confidence in 1,.n. that lir kin,.lit ofkred take him into his own ofhie, and to loan him s'i money as he needed M o s t gratefully the eirnerim Liffer was accepted. There is in many minds a strange delesion acollegiate education. A young man is *opposed he liberally *domed if he has graduated at tome ci,, lege. l i n t Many a boy loiters through university had. e n d ! h e n e n t e r s a tear n a v e , w h o is h e n o m e a n s a s �4. 68 MILLARD FILLMORE. well prepared to prosecute his legal studies as was Millard Fillmore when he graduated at the clothingmill at the end of four years of manual labor, during which every leisure moment had been devoted to intense mental culture. In 1823, when twenty-three years of age, he was admitted to the Court of Common Pleas. H e then went to the village of Aurora, and commenced the practice of law. I n this secluded, peaceful region, his practice of course was limited, and there was no opportunity for a sudden rise in fortune or in fame. Herein the year 1826, he married a lady of great moral worth, and one capable of adorning any station she might be called to fill,—Miss Abigail Powers. His elevation of character, his untiring industry, his legal acquirements, and his skill as an advocate, gradually attracted attention ; and he was invited to enter into partnership under highly advantageous circumstances, with an elder member of the bar in Buffalo. Just before removing to Buffalo, in 1829, he took his seat in the House of Assembly, of the State of New York, as a representative from Erie County. Though he had never taken a very active part in politics, his vote and his sympathies were with the Whig party. T h e State was then Democratic, and he found himself in a helpless minority in the Legislature , still the testimony comes from all parties, that his courtesy. ability and integrity, won, to a very unusual degn e the respect of his associates. In the autumn of t832, he was elected to a seat in the United States Congress H e entered that troubled arena in some of the most tumultuous hours of our national history. T h e great conflict respecting the national bank and the removal of the deposits, was then raging. His term of two years closed ; and he returned to his profession, which he pursued with increasing reputation and success. A f t e r a lapse of two years he again became a candidate for Congress; was reelected, and took his seat in 1837. H i s past expe • rience as a representative gave him strength and confidence. T h e first term of service in Congress to any man can be but little more than an introduction. He was now prepared for active duty. A l l his encl.gies were brought to bear upon the public good. Every measure received his impress. Mr. Fillmore was now a man of wide repute, and his popularity filled the State, and in the year 1847, he was elected Comptroller o f the State IML Mr. Fillmore had attained the age of forty-seven years. H i s labors at the bar, in the Legislature, in Congress and as Comptroller, had given him very considerable fame. T h e Whigs were casting about t o find suitable candidates for President and Vice-President at the approaching election. F a r away, on the waters of the Rio Grande, there was a rough old soldier, who had fought one or two successful battles with the Mexicans, which had caused his name to be proclaimed in trumpet-tones all over the land. B u t it was necessary to associate with him on the same ticket some man of reputation as a statesman. Under the influence of these considerations, the namesof Zachary Taylor and Millard Fillmore became the rallying-cry of the Whigs, as their candidates for President and Vice-Peesident. T h e Whig ticket was signally triumphant. O n the 4th o f March. 1849. (;en. Taylor was inaugurated President, and Millard Fillmore Vice-President, of the United States. On the 9th of July, t 8 5 ° , President Taylor, but about one year and four months after his inauguration, was suddenly taken sick and died. B y the Constitution, Vice-President Fillmore thus became President. H e appointed a very able cabinet, of which the illustrious Daniel Webster was Secretary of State. Mr. Fillmore had very serious difficulties to contend with, since the opposition had a majority i n both Houses. H e did everything in his power to conciliate the South; but the pm-slavery party in the South felt the inadequacy of all measuresof transient conciliation. The population of the free States was so rapidly i n creasing over that of the slave States that it was i n evitable that the power of the Government should soon pass into the hands of the free States. T h e famouscoinpromise measures were adopted under Mr. Fillmcre's adminstration, and the Japan Expedition was sent out. O n the 4th of March, 1853, Mr. Fillmore, having served one term, retired. In *856, Mr. Fillmore was nominated for the Presidency by the " Know Nothing "party, but was beaten by Mr. Buchanan. A f t e r that Mr. Fillmore lived in retirement. During the terrible conflict of civil war, he was mostly silent. I t was generally supposed that his sympathies were rather with those who were endeavoring to overthrow our institutions. President Fillmore kept aloof from the conflict, without any cordial words of cheer to the one party or the other. He was thus forgotten by both. H e lived to a ripe old age, and died in Buffalo. N. Y. , March 8, 1874. �1 i A �/4?-)/7//!-4A �F O U R T E E N T H P R E S I D E N T. T t 1,,,IFT • - • vvir*rrrrs-r%.-•re'erv-ren * FRANKLIN PIEREK.4pkitsw., • t.ht.t..14.444,444.4.iiiiitailniia.tat.314.6.titimt.a.t. RANRLIN P I E R C E , the fourteenth President of the United States, was born in Hillsborough. N . H . , Nov. i8o4.. H i s father was a Revolutionary soldier, who, with his own strong arm, hewed out a home i n the wilderness. H e was a man of inflexible integrity; o f strong,. though uncultivated mind, and an unconipromising Democrat_ T h e mother o f Franklin Pierce was all that a son could desire,—an intelligent, prudent, affectionate, Christian woman. Franklin was the sixth of eight children. Franklin was a very bright and handsome boy, generous, warm-hearted and brave H e won alike the love of old and young. T h e bov3 on the playground loved him. H i ; teachers loved him. T h e neighbors looked upon hint with pride and affection. H e was by instinct a gentleman; always speaking kind words. doing kind deeds, with a peculiar unstudied tact which taught him what was agreeahle. Without developing any precocity of genies, or any unnatural dewition to books, he was a good scholar: in body, in mind, in affections, a finely-developed boy. When sixteen years of age, in the year t8zo, be M o n d Bowdoin College, at Brunswick. Me H e was me of the most popular young men i n the college. The panty o f his moral character, the unvarying courtesy of his demeanor. Ins rank as a scholar. and slw-111 4 71 i genial nature, rendered him a universal favorite. (here was something very peculiarly winning in his address, and it was evidently not in the slightest degree studied: i t was the simple outgushing of his own magnanimous and loving nature. Upon graduating, in the year 1824, Franklin Pierce commenced the study of law in the office of Judge Woodbury, one of the most distinguished lawyers of the State, and a man of great private worth. T h e eminent social qualities o f the young lawyer, his father's prominence as a public man, and the brilliant political career into which Judge Woodbury was e n tering, all tended to entice Mr. Pierce into the faci• nating yet perilous path of political life. W i t h all the ardor of his nature be espoused the cause of Gen. Jackson for the Presidency. H e commenced the practice of law in Hillsborough, and was soon elected to represent the town in the State Legislature. H e r e he served for four years. T h e last two years he was chosen speaker of the house by a very large vote. In 18;3, at the age of twenty-nine, he was elected a member of Congress. Without taking an active part in debates, he was faithful and laborious in fl and ever rising in the estimation of those with whom he was associarad. In t837, being then but thirty-three years of age, he was elected to the Senate of the United States; taking his seat just as Mr. Van Buren commenced his administration. H e was the youngest member in the Senate. I n the year 11134. he married Miss Jane Means Appleton. a lady of rare beauty and accomplishments. and one admirably fitted to adorn every station with which her husband was honored. O f the �W O . - • ■ 4 111 4 1 0 72 F R A N K L I N PIERCE. three sons who were born to them, all now sleep with their parents in the grave. In the year t838, Mr. Pierce, with growing fame and increasing business as a lawyer, took u p his residence in Concord, the capital of New Hampshire. President Polk, upon his accession to office, appointed Mr. Pierce attorney-general of the United States; but the offer was declined, i n consequence of numerous professional engagements at home, and the precariuos state of Mrs. Pierce's health. H e also, about the same time declined the nomination for governor by the Democratic party. T h e war with Mexico called Mr. Pierce in the army. Receiving the appointment o f brigadier-general, he embarked, with a portion of his troops, at Newport, R. I., on the 27th o f May, 1847. He took an important part in this war, proving himself a brave and true soldier. When Gen. Pierce reached his borne in his native State, he was received enthusiastically by the advocates of the Mexican war, and coldly by his opponents. H e resumed the practice o f his profession, very frequently taking an active part in political questions, giving his cordial support t o the pro-slavery wing o f the Democratic party. T h e compromise measures met cordially with his approval; and h e strenuously advocated the enforcement o f the infamous fugitive-slave law, which so shocked the religious sensibilities of the North. H e thus became distinguished as a" Northern man with Southern principles.' The strong partisans of slavery in th e South consequently regarded him as a man whom they could safely trust in office to carry out their plans. On the 12th of June, f852, the Democratic convention met in Baltimore to nominate a candidate for the Presidency. F o r four days they continued in session, and in thirty-five ballotings no one had obtained a two-thirds vote. N o t a vote thus far had been thrown for Gen. Pierce. T h e n t h e Virginia delegation brought forward his name. T h e r e were fourteen more ballotings, during which Gen. Pierce constantly gained strength, until, at the forty-ninth ballot, h e received two hundred and eighty-two votes, and a l l other candidates eleven. G e n . Winfield Scott was the Whig candidate. G e n . Pierce was chosen with great unanimity. O n l y four States—Vermont, Massachusetts, Kentucky and Tennessee—cast t h e i r electoral votes against him G e n . Franklin Pierce was therefore inaugurated President of the United States on the 4th o f March, 1853• His administration proved one of the most stormy our country had ever experienced. T h e controversy b e tween slavery and freedom was then approaching its culminating point. I t became evident that there was an "irrepressible conflict " between them, and that this Nation could not long exist " half slave and half free." President Pierce, during the whole of his a d ministration, did every thing he could t o conciliate the South ; but it was all in vain. T h e conflict every• year grew more violent, and threats of the dissolution of the Union were borne to the North on every South• em breeze. Such was the condition of affairs when President Pierce approached the close o f his four-years' term of office. T h e North had become thoroughly alienated from him. T h e anti-slavery sentiment, goaded by great outrages, had been rapidly increasing; all the intellectual ability and social worth o f President Pierce were forgotten in deep reprehension of his a d ministrative acts. The slaveholders of the South, also. unmindful of the fidelity with which h e had advocated those measures of Government which they approved, and perhaps, also, feeling t h a t h e h a d rendered himself so unpopular as no longer t o be able acceptably to serve them, ungratefully dropped him, and nominated James Buchanan to succeed him. On the 4th of March, 1857, President Pierce retired to his home in Concord. O f three children, two had died, and his only surviving child h a d been killed before his eyes by a railroad accident ; and his wife, one of the most estimable and accomplished o f ladies, was rapidly sinking i n consumption. T h e hour of dreadful gloom soon came, and h e was left alone in the world, without wife or child. When the terrible Rebellion burst forth, which d i vided our country into two parties, and two only, Mr. Pierce remained steadfast in the principles which he had always cherished, and gave h i s sympathies t o that pro-slavery party with which he had ever been allied. H e declined to do anything, either by voice or pen, to strengthen the hand of the National Government. H e continued to reside in Concord until the time of his death, which occurred i n October, 1869. H e was one of the most genial and social o f men, a n honored communicant o f t h e Episcopal Church, and one of the kindest of neighbors. G e n erous to a fault, he contributed liberally for the a l leviation of suffering and want, and manyof his towns• people were often gladened by his material bounty. �7 A ��4. FIFTEENTH PRESIDENT 75 —411111111--7.--0—• Iaosv,.sovsaiazoi—:-ai.r=::aisic.r..Al2.-e.:.wvct'oe:oxt-a---s-‘r,sw:;.ar::'pi.tsWi..- • - " 0 - 0 0 11 0 - - AMES BUCHANAN, the fifteenth President of the United States, was born i n a small frontier town, at the foot of the eastern ridge of the Alleglianits, in Franklin Co., Penn., on the 23d of April, 1791. The ;dace where the humble cabin o f his father stood was called Stony Batter. I t was a wild and romantic spot in a gorge of the inountains, with towering summits rising grandly all around. H i s father was a native of the north of Ireland; a poor man, who had emigrated in 1783, with tittle property save his own strong arms. F i v e years afterwards he married Elisabeth Spear, the daughter of a respectable farmer, and, with his young bride, plunged into the wilderness, staked his claim, reared his log-hut, opened a clearing with his axe, and settled down there to perform o h s c n r e part in the drama of life. I n this seladed num..% where James was Linn, he remained fi,r eight years, enjoying but few social or intellectual advantagrs. W h e n James was eight years of age, hi., far her removed to the village of Mercersburg, where his son was placerl a t school, and commenced a tcnirse of st,idv in F. ,gush, I r a n and Greek. H i s Progress was rapid, and at the age of fourteen, he entered Thi.kinsun 1:‘,Iiege, at Carlisle. H e r e he de veloped rerii.aricable talent. and mote his stand among the first scholars in the institution. H i s application 'o siody w 14 intense, and yet his native powers en- • staled him to master the most abstruse subjects with facility. In the year 1809, he graduated with the highest honors of his class. H e was then eighteen years of age; tall and graceful, vigorous in health, fond o f athletic sport, an unerring shot, and enlivened with an exuberant flow of animal spirits. H e immediately commenced the study of law in the city of Lancaster, and was admitted to the bar in 1812, when he was but twenty-one years of age. V e r y rapidly he rose in his profession, and at once took undisputed stand with the ablest lawyers o f the State. W h e n but twenty-six years of age, unaided by counsel, he successfully defended before the State Senate of e of the judges of the State, who was tried upon articles of impeachment. A t the age of thirty it was generally admitted that he stood at the head of the liar; and there was no lawyer in the State who had a more l u crative practice. In 1.82o, he reluctantly consented t o run as a candidate for Congress. H e was elected, and (or ten years he remained a member of the Lower House liming the vacations o f Congress, he occasionally tried some important case. I n 1831, he retired altogether from the toils of his profession, having acquired an ample lonune. Gen. Jackson, upon his elevation to the Presi.krb. y, appointed Mr. Buchanan minister to Russia. T h e ditties of his mission he performed with ability, which gave satisfaction to all parties. U p o n his return, in 1833, he was elected to a seat in the United States Senate. H e there met, as his associates, Webster. Clay. Wright and Lalhonn. H e advocated the measures proposed by President Jackson, of making repo 111--driv 4 �Jot NES B UCHA NA N. sals against France, to enforce the payment o f our claims against that country; and defended the course of the President in his unprecedented and wholesale removal from office of those who were not the supporters of his administration. U p o n this question he was brought into direct collision with Henry Clay. He also, with voice and vote, advocated expunging irons the journal of the Senate the vote o f censure against Gen. Jackson for removing the deposits. Earnestly he opposed the abolition of slavery in t h e District of Columbia, and urged the prohibition of the circulation of anti-slavery documents by the United States mails. As to petitions on the subject of slavery, he advocated that they should be respectfully received; and that the reply should be returned, that Congress had no power to legislate upon the subject. " Congress," said he, "Wright as well undertake t o interfere with slavery under a foreign government as in any o f the States where it now exists." Upon Mr. Polk's accession to the Presidency, Mr. Buchanan became Secretary of State, and as such. took his share of the responsibility in the conduct o f the Mexican \Var. M r . Polk assumed that crossing the Nueces by the American troops into the disputed territory was not wrong, but for the Mexicans to cross the Rio Grande into that territory was a declaration of war. N o candid man can read with pleasure the account of the course our Government pursued in that movement. Mr. Buchanan identified himself thoroughly with the party devoted to the perpetuation and extension of slavery, and brought all the energies of his mind to bear against the tVilmot Proviso. H e gave his cordial approval to the compromise measures of taso, which included the fugitive-slave law. M r . Pierce, noon his election t o the Presidency, honored M r. Buchanan with the mission to England. In the year 1856, a national Democratic convention nominated Mr. Buchanan for the Presidency. The political conflict was one of the most severe in which our country has ever engaged. A l l the friends o f slavery were on one side: all the advocates of its restriction and final abolition, on the other. M r . Fremont, the candidate of the enemies o f slavery, re, eived 114 electoral votes. M r . Buchanan received 174, and was elected. T h e popular vote stood 1,340.618, for Fremont, t,a24,75o for Buchanan. O n March 4th, 1857. Mr. Buchanan was inaugurated. Mr. Buchanan was far advanced in life. Only four years were wanting to fill up his threescore years and ten. H i s own friends, those with whom he had been allied in political principles and action for years, were seeking the destruction of the Government. that they might rear upon the ruins of our free institutions a nation whose corner-stone should be human slavery. In this emergency, Mr. Buchanan was hopelessly bewildered H e could not, with Isis long-avowed prin- ciples, consistently oppose the State-rights party in their assumptions. As President of the Untied States, bound by his oath faithfully to administer the laws, lie could not, without perjury o f the grossest kind, unite with those endeavoring to overthrow the republic. H e therefore did nothing. The opponents of Mr. Buchanan's administration nominated Abraham Lincoln as their standard bearer in the next Presidential canvass. T h e p r o -slavery party declared, that if he were elected, and the control of the Government were thus taken from their hands, they would secede from t h e Union, taking with them, as they retired, the National Capitol a t Washington, and the lion's share o f the territory of the United Stater. Mr. Buchanan's sympathy with t h e p r o -slaveryparty was such, that he had been willing to offerthem far more than they had ventured to claim. A l l the South had professed to ask o f the North was nonintervention upon the subject o f slavery. M r . B u chanan had been ready to offer them the active cooperation of the Government to defend and extend the institution. As the storm increased in violence, the slaveholders claiming the right to secede, and Mr. Buchanan avowing that Congress had no power to prevent it, one o f the most pitiable exhibitions of governmental i m becility was exhibited the world has ever seen. H e declared that Congress had no power t o enforce i t s laws in any State which had withdrawn, o r which was attempting to withdraw from the Union. T h i s was not the doctrine of Andrew Jackson, when, with his hand upon his sword•hilt, h e exclaimed. " The Union must and shall be preserved!" South Carolina seceded in December, 186o; nearly three months before the inauguration o f President Lincoln. M r. Buchanan looked on in listless despair. The rebel flag was raised in Charleston; Fort Sumpter was berieged ; o u r forts. navy-yards and arsenals were seized; our depots of military stores were plundered ; and our custom-houses and post-offices were appropriated by the rebels. The energy of the rebels, and the imbecility of our Executive, were alike marvelous. T h e Nation looked on in agony, waiting for the slow weeks to glide away, and close the administration, so terrible in i t s weakness A t length the long-looked-for hour o f deliverance came, when Abraham Lincoln was to receive the scepter. The administration o f President Buchanan was certainly the most calamitous o u r country has ex penenced. H i s best friends cannot recall i t with pleasure. And still more deplorable it is for his fame, that in that dreadful conflict which rolled its billows of flame and blood over our whole land, no word came from his lips to indicate his wish that o u r country's banner should triumph over the flag of the rebellion He died at his Wheatland retreat, June t , ,868. • -41 ��80—S X T E E - V T I f BRAHAM L I N C O L N , t h e sixteenth President o f t h e United States, was horn i n Hardin Co., Ky., Feb. 1 2 , 1809. About the year 178o, a man by the name of Abraham Lincoln left Virginia with his family and moved into the then wilds of Kentucky. Only two years after this emigration, still a young man, while working one day in a field, was stealthily approached by an Indian and shot dead. His widow was left in extreme poverty with five little children, three boys and two girls. Thomas, the youngest of the boys, was four years of age a t his father's death. T h i s Thomas was the father of Abraham Lincoln, the President o f t h e United States whose name must henceforth forever be enrolled with the most prominent in the annals of our world. Of course no record has been kept o f the life of one so lowly as Thomas Lincoln. H e was among the poorest of the poor. H i s home was a wretched log-cabin; his food the coarsest and the meanest. Education he had none; he could never either read or write. A s soon as he was able to do anything for himself, he was compelled to leave the cabin o f his starving mother, and push out into the world, a friendless, wandering boy, seeking work. H e hired himself out, and thus spent the whole of his youth as a laborer in the fields of others_ When twenty-eight years of age he built a logcabin o f his own, and married Nancy Hanks, the daughter of another family of poor Kentucky emigrants. who had also come from Virginia. T h e i r second child was Abraham Lincoln. the subject o f this sketch. T h e mother of Abraham was a noble woman, gentle, loving, pensive, created t o adorn a palace, doomed to toil and pine, and die in a hovel. " All that I am, or hope to be," exclaims the grateful son " I owe to my angel-mother " When he was eight years of age, his father sold his P R &SIDE NT. 79 cabin and small farm, and moved to Indiana. Where two years later his mother died. Abraham soon became the scribe of the uneducated community around hint. H e could not have had a better school than this to teach him to put thoughts into words. H e also became an eager reader. T h e books he could obtain were few; but these he read and re-read until they were almost committed to memory. As the years rolled on. the lot of this lowly family was the usual lot of humanity. T l w r e were joys and griefs, weddings and funerals. Abraham's sister Sarah, to whom he was tenderly attached, was married when a child of but fourteen years of age, and soon died. T h e family was gradually scattered. M r . Thomas Lincoln sold out his squatter's claim in 183o, and emigrated to Macon Co., Ill. Abraham Lincoln was then twenty-one years of age. With vigorous hands he aided his father in rearing another log-cabin. Abraham worked diligently at this until he saw the family comfortably settled, and their small tot of enclosed prairie planted with corn, when he announced to his father his intention t o leave home, and to go out into the world and seek his fortune. L i t t l e did he or his friends imagine how brilliant that fortune was to be. H e saw the value o f education and was intensely earnest to improve his mind to the utmost of his power. H e saw the ruin which ardent spirits were causing, and became strictly temperate; refusing to allow a drop of intoxicating liquor to pass his lips. A n d he had read in God's word, " Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain ;" and a profane expression he was never heard to utter. Religion he revered. H i s morals were pure, and he was uncontaminated by a single vice. Voting Abraham worked for a time as a hired laborer among the farmers. T h e n he went to Springfield. where he was employed in building a large flat-boat. In this he took a herd of swine, floated them downs the Sangamon to the Illinois, and thence by the Mis. si-psippi to New Orleans. Whatever Abraham Lincoln undertook, he performed so faithfully as to give great satisfaction to his employers I n this advert- ) 61110-11111-011, 4 • �ABRAH.4.t/ L I N C O L N . 1 ture his employers were so well pleased, that upon his return they placed a store and mill under his care. In 1832, at the outbreak of the Black Hawk war, he enlisted and was chosen captain of a company. H e returned to Sangamon County, and although only z 3 years of age, was a candidate for the Legislature, but was defeated. H e soon after received from Andrew Jackson the appointment of Postmaster of New Salem, His only post-office was his hat. A l l the letters lie received he carried there ready to deliver to those he chanced to meet. H e studied surveying, and soon made this his business. I n 1834 he again became a candidate for the Legislature, and was elected M r . Stuart, of Springfield, advised him to study law. H e walked from New Salem to Springfield, borrowed o f Mr. Stuart a load of Books, earned them back and began his legal studies. ‘Vhen the Legislature assembled he trudged on foot with his pack on his back one hundred miles to Vandalia, then the capital. I n 1836 he was re-elected to the Legislature. H e r e it was he first met Stephen A. Douglas. I n 1839 he removed to Springfield and began the practice of law. Hts success with the jury was so great that h e was soon engaged in almost every noted case in the circuit. In x854 the great discussion began between M r. Lincoln and M r Douglas, on the slavery question. In the organization of the Republican party in Illinois, in 1856, he took an active part, and at once became one of the leaders i n that party. M r . Lincoln's speeches in opposition to Senator Douglas in the contest in 1858 for a seat in the Senate, form a most notable part of his history. T h e issue was on the slavery question, and he took the broad ground of .he Declaration of Independence, that all men are created equal. M r. Lincoln was defeated in this contest, but won a far higher prize. The great Republican Convention met at Chicago on the r6th of June, 186o. T h e delegates and strangers who crowded the city amounted to twentyfive thousand. A n immense building called " T h e Wigwam," was reared to accommodate the Convention. T h e r e were eleven candidates for whom votes were thrown. William H Seward, a man whose fame as a statesman had long filled the land, was the most urominent. I t was generally supposed he would be the nominee Abraham Lincoln, however, received the nomination on the third ballot. Little did he then dream of the weary years of toil and care, and the bloody death, to which that nomination doomed hint: and as little did he dream that lie was to render services to his country, which would fix upon him the eyes of the whole civilized world, and which would give hint a place in the affections o f his countrymen, second only, if second, to that of 1Vashington. Election day came and Mr. Lincoln received i8o electoral votes out of zo3 cast, and was, therefore, constitutionally elected President of the United States. The tirade of abuse that vas poured upon this good I and merciful man, especially by the slaveliolders, was greater than upon any other man ever elected to this high position. I n February, 1861, Mr. Lincoln started for Washington, stopping in all the large cities on his way making speeches. The whole journey was frought with much danger. M a n y of the Southern States had already seceded, and several attempts at assassination were afterwards brought to light. A gang in Baltimore had arranged, 1112011 his arrival to" get up a row,and in the confusion to make sure of his death with revolvers and hand-grenades. A detective unravelled the plot. A secret and special train was provided to take him from Harris:•urg, through Baltimore. at an unexpected hour of the night. T h e train started at half-past ten; arid to prevent any possible communication on the part of the Secessionists with theirConfederate gang in Baltimore, as soon as the train had started the telegraph-wires were cut. M r . Lincoln reached Washington in safety and was inaugurated, although great anxiety was felt by all loyal people. In the selection of his cabinet M r . Lincoln gave to Mr Seward the Department of State, and to other prominent opponents before the convention he gave important positions. During no other administration have the duties devolving upon the President been so manifold, and the responsibilities so great, as those which fell t o the lot of President Lincoln. K n o w i n g this, and feeling his own weakness and inability to meet, and in hi, own strength t o cope with. the difficulties, he learned early to seek Divine wisdom and guidance in determining his plans, and Divine comfort in all his trials, lo•h personal and national Contrary :o his own estimate of himself. Mr. Lincoln was one of the most courageous of men. H e went directly into the rebel capital just as the retreating foe was leaving, with no guard but a few sailors. F r o m the time he had left Springfield, in 1861, however, plans had been made for his assassination,and he at last fell a victim to one of them A p r i l l a , 1865. he, with Gen. Grant. was urgently invited to attend Fords' Theater. I t was announced that they would Le present. G e n . Grant, however, left the city. President Lincoln, feeling, with, his characteristic kindliness of heart, that it would lie a disappointment if he should fail them. very reluctantly consented to go. W h i l e listening to the play an actor by the name of John Wilkes Booth entered the box where the President and family were seated, and fired a bullet into his brains H e died the next morning at seven o'clock. Never before, in the history of the world was a nation plunged into such deep grief-by the death of its ruler. Strong men met in the streets and wept in speechless anguish. h is not too much to say that a nation was in tears. H i s was a life which will fitly become a model. H i s name as the savior of his country will live with that of Washington's, its father; his country- 4 men being notable to decide which is the greater. —4 �1 A A ��N . S E V E N T E E N T I I P R E S I D E N T. 83 AllID:11:12cM t NDREW JOHNSON, seven- pleased with his zeal, not only gave him the book, teenth President of the United but assisted him in learning to combine the letters States. T h e early life o f into words. U n d e r such difficulties he pressed onAndrew Johnson contains but ward laboriously, spending usually ten or twelve hours the record of poverty, destitu- at work in the shop, and then robbing himself of rest tion and friendlessness. H e and recreation to devote such time as he could t o was born December 29, t8o8, reading. in Raleigh, N. C. H i s parents, He went to Tennessee i n 1826, and located at belonging to the class o f the Greenville, where he married a young lady who pos"poor whites " of the South, were sessed some education. U n d e r her instructions he in such circumstances, that they learned to write and cipher. H e became prominent could not confer even Inc slight- in the village debating society, and a favorite with the students of Greenville College. I n 1828, he orest advantages of education upon their child. 1Vhen Andrew was five ganized a working man's party, which elected him years of age, his father accidentally alderman, and in 1830 elected him mayor, which position he held three years. lost his life while herorically endeavoring to save a He now began to take a lively interest in political friend from drowning. Until ten years of age, Andrew affairs; identifying himself with the working-classes, was a ragged boy about the streets, supported by the to which he belonged. I n 1835, he was elected a labor of his mother, who obtained her living with member of the House of Representatives of Tennesher own hands. see. H e was then just twenty-seven years o f age. He then, having never attended a school one day, He because a very active member of the legislature, and being unable either t o read or write, was apprenticed to a tailor in his native town. A gentleman gave his adhesion to the Democratic party, and in was in the habit of going to the tailor's shop occasion- tcao "stumped the State," advocating Martin Van ally, and reading to the boys at work there. He often Buren's claims to the Presidency, in opposition to those read from the speeches of distinguished British states- of Gen. Harrison. I n this campaign he acquired much men. Andrew, who was endowed with a mind of more readiness as a speaker, and extended and increased than ordinary native ability, became much interested his reputation. In 1841, he was elected State Senator; in 1843, hr in these speeches; his ambition was roused, and he was elected a member of Congress, and by successive was inspired with a strong desire to learn to read. He accordingly applied himself to the alphabet. and elections, held that important post for ten years. I n with the assistance of some of his fellow-workmen, 1853, he was elected Governor of Tennessee, and teamed his letters. H e then called upon the gentle- was re-elected in :855. I n all these responsible posiman to borrow the book of speeches. T h e owner, tions, he discharged his duties with distinguished slid. 4. �• OP84 A N D R E W JOHNSON. ity, and proved himself the warm friend of the working classes. I n 1857, M r. Johnson was elected United States Senator. Years before, in 1845, he had warmly advocated the annexation o f Texas, stating however, as his reason, that he thought this annexation would probably prove " to be the gateway out of which the sable sons of Africa are to pass from bondage to freedom, and become merged in a population congenial to themselves." I n 185o, he also supported the compromise measures, the two essential features of which were, that the white people of the Territories should be permitted to decide for themselves whether they would enslave the colored people or not, and that the free States of the North should return t o the South persons who attempted to escape front slavery. Mr. Johnson was never ashamed of his lowly origin: on the contrary, he often took pride in avowing that he owed his distinction to his own exertions. " S i r, " said he on the floor of the Senate, " I do not forget that I am a mechanic ; neither do I forget that Adam was a tailor and sewed fig-leaves, and that our Savior was the son of a carpenter." In the Charleston-Baltimore convention of 1860, ae was the choice of the Tennessee Democrats for the Presidency. I n 1861, when the purpose of the Southam Democracy became apparent, he took a decided stand in favor of the Union, and held that " slavery must be held subordinate to the Union at whatever cost." H e returned to Tennessee, and repeatedly imperiled his own life t o protect the Unionists o f Tennesee. Tennessee having seceded from t h e Union, President Lincoln, on March 4th, t862, appointed him Military Governor of the State, and he established the most stringent military rule. H i s numerous proclamations attracted wide attention. I n 1864, he was elected Vice-President o f the United States, and upon the death of Mr. Lincoln, April 15, 1865, became President. I n a speech two days later he said, "The American people must be taught, i f they do not already feel, that treason is a crime and must be punished; that the Government will not always hear with its enemies; that it is strong not only to protect, but to punish. • • T h e people must understand that it (treason) is the blackest o f crimes, and will surely be punished." Y e t his whole administration, the history of which is so well known, was in utter inronsistency with, and the most violent 4 4st opposition to, the principles laid down in that speech. In his loose policy of reconstruction and general amnesty, he was opposed by Congress; and he characterized Congress as a new rebellion, and lawlessly defied it, in everything possible, to the utmost I n the beginning of 1868, on account o f " high crimes and misdemeanors," the principal o f which was the removal of Secretary Stanton, in violation of the Tenure of Office Act, articles of impeachment were preferred against him, and the trial began March 23. It was very tedious, continuing for nearly three months. A test article of the impeachment was at length submitted to the court for its action. I t was certain that as the court voted upon that article so would it vote upon all. Thirty-four voices pronounced the President guilty. As a two-thirds vote was necessary to his condemnation, he was pronounced acquitted, notwithstanding the great majority against hint. T h e change of one vote from the got guilty side would have sustained the impeachment. The President, for the remainder of his term, was but little regarded. H e continued, though impotently, his conflict with Congress. H i s own party did not think it expedient to renominate him for the Presidency. T h e Nation rallied, with enthusiasm unparalleled since the days of Washington, around the name of Gen. Grant A n d r e w Johnson was forgotten. The bullet of the assassin introduced him t o the President's chair. Notwithstanding this, never was there presented to a man a better opportunity to immortalize his name, and to win the gratitude o f a nation. H e failed utterly. H e retired to his home in Greenville, Tenn., taking no very active pan in politics until 1875. O n Jan. z6, after an exciting struggle, he was chosen by the Legislature o f Tennessee, United States Senator in the forty-fourth Congress, and took his seat in that body, at the special session convened by President Grant, on the 5th o f March. O n the z7th of July, 1875, the ex-President made a visit to his daughter's home, near Carter Station, Tenn. When he started on his journey, he was apparently in his usual vigorous health, but on reaching the residence of his child the following day, was stricken with paralysis, rendering him unconscious. He rallied occasionally, but finally passed away a t 2A. M., July 31, aged sixty-seven years. H i s funeral was attended at Geenville, on the 3d of August, with every demonstration of respect. �.& ��E l all T E E N T H P R E S I D E N T. 87 C,..1t)•••-445,414-1k.51/4.0: tlYssss $. g m ! . -Y- ^ 1 • :G: • LYSSES S . G R A N T, the of the -:1" , b o r n on the 29th o f April, s822, o f Christian parents. in a humble home, at Point Pleasant, on the banks of the Ohio Shortly after his father moved t o George. town, Blown Co., 0. I n this remote frontier hamlet, Ulysses received a common-school education_ A t the age o f seventeen, in the year 1839, he entered the Military Academy a t West Point. H e r e he was regarded as a solid, sensible young man o f fair abilities, and o f study, honest character. H e took respectable rank as a scholar. I n Jame, tflgy he graduated. about the middle is kis class, and warn sent as lieutenant of infantry to one of the distant military posts in the Missouri Tenitory. T w o years he past i n these dreary solitudes, watches* the vagabond and exasperating Indians. The war with Mexico Came. I.ieas. t•rant was sent with Its regiment to Corpus Chown. H i s first bards Has at Pale Alto. T h e r e was no chance here kw the eshibetion of either skill or heroism. nor at 18111111016e la Palma. his second battle. A t the bode sif Serseaser, his third engagement. it is said that be pet coned a signal service of daring and skillful lantsmastsbip. H i s b i r d , had eideasested its amelmeilism. A asesssoger most be sent Ine more. along a mite m o o d in the ballets o f she be. L i e u t . rosin. adloptists art espediaat learned et the laillaria, gr./wind Ise maws of Us beese. and Matins upon one ode of the artemial. can the w a d e s in entire safety Front Monterey he was sent, with the fourth infantry, to aid Gen. Scott, at the siege of Vera Cruz. I n preparation for the march to the city o f Mexico, he was appointed quartermaster of his regiment. A t the battle of Molino del Rey, he was promoted to a first lieutenancy, and was brevetted captain at Chapultepec. At the close of the Mexican War, Capt. Grant returned with his regiment to New York, and was again sent to one of the military posts on the frontier. The discovery of gold in California causing an immense tide of emigration to flow to the Pacific shores, Capt. Grant was sent with a battalion to Fort Dallas, in Oregon, for the protection of the interests of the immigrants. L i f e was wearisome in those wilds. Capt. Grant ressgned his commission and returned to the States, and having inarned, entered upon the cultivation of a small farm near St. Louis, Mo. H r hail tm, little skill as a farmer. F i n d i n g his toil not re munerative, he turned to mercantile life, entering inn. the leather bootless, with a younger brother, at Galena. III. T h i s was in the year 186o_ A s the tidings of the rebels flung on Fort Sumpter reached the ear, of Capt. Grant in his counting-roan, he said.-- Uncle Sam hat educated me for the army; thougr I have served him through one war. I 4111 not feel that I have yet repaid the &lit. I ant still wally todischarge my obligations. I shall therefore but n n my sword and see Uncle Sam Omagh the war too.Fk went into the streets. raised a company of volunteers, and led them as their captain to lipeingheid. the capital of the bale. same their services weer offered to Gov Yates T h e Gamow, impressed by the peel and straightforward eaecutive ability of C:apt Grant. gave him a desk an his office, to aunt in the wol.sr,trwY r , r p n t s a t i e n t h a t w a s b e i n g l e a s i t r t , i n t h e •••aiet t i e h a K o f the Government. o n the 'soh of �■ S8 U L Y S S A . 5 June, 1861, Capt. Grant received a commission as Colonel of the Twenty-first Regiment of Illinois Volunteers. H i s merits as a West Point graduate, who had served for is years in the regular army, were such that he was soon promoted to the rank o f BrigadierGeneral and was placed in command at Cairo. T h e rebels raised their banner at Paducah, near the mouth of the Tennessee River. Scarcely had its folds appeared in the breeze ere Gen. Grant was there. T h e rebels fled. T h e i r banner fell, and t h e star and stripes were unfurled in its stead. He entered the service with great determination and immediately began active duty. T h i s was the beginning, and until the surrender of Lee at Richmond he was ever pushing the enemy with great vigor and effectiveness. A t Belmont, a few days later, he surprised and routed the rebels, then at Fort Henry won another victory. T h e n came the brilliant fight at Fort Donelson. T h e nation was electrified by the victory, and the brave leader of the boys in blue was immediately made a Major-General, and the military, .Iistrict of Tennessee was assigned to him. Like all great captains, Gen. Grant knew well how to secure the results o f victory. H e immediately pushed on to the enemies' lines. T h e n came the terrible battles of Pittsburg Landing, Corinth, and the siege of Vicksburg, where Gen. Pemberton made an unconditional surrender of the city with over thirty thousand men and one-hundred and seventy-two cannon. T h e fall o f Vicksburg was b y far the most severe blow which the rebels had thus far encountered, and opened up the Mississippi from Cairo to the Gulf. Gen. Grant was next ordered to co-operate with Gen. Banks in a movement upon Texas, and proceeded to New Orleans, where he was thrown from his horse, and received severe injuries, from which he was laid up for months. H e then rushed to the aid of Gens. Rosecrans and Thomas at Chattanooga, and by a wonderful series of strategic and technical measures put the Union Army in fighting condition. Then followed the bloody battles at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Missionary Ridge. in which the rebels were routed with great loss. T h i s won for him u n bounded praise in the North. O n the 4th of February, 1864, Congress revived the grade of lieutenantgeneral, and the rank was conferred on Gen. Grant. He repaired to Washington to receive his credentials and enter upon the duties of his new office. S. G R A N T. Gen. Grant decided as soon as he took charge of the army to concentrate the widely-dispersed National troops for an attack upon Richmond, the nominal capital of the Rebellion, and endeavor there t o d e stroy the rebel armies which would be promptly assembled from all quarters for its defence. The whole continent seemed to tremble under the tramp of these majestic armies, rushing to the decisive battle field. Steamers were crowded with troops. R a i l w a y trains were burdened with closely packed thousands. H i s plans were comprehensive and involved a series o f campaigns, which were executed with remarkable e n ergy and ability, and were consummated at the surrender of Lee, Apnl 9, 1865. The war was ended. T h e Union was saved. The almost unanimous voice of the Nation declared Gen. Grant to be the most prominent instrument in its salvation. T h e eminent services he had thus rendered the country brought him conspicuously forward as the Republican candidate for the Presidential chair. At the Republican Convention held at Chicago, May 2 r, 1868, he was unanimously nominated for the Presidency, and a t the autumn election received a majority of the popular vote, and 214 o u t o f 294 electoral votes. The National Convention of the Republican party which met at Philadelphia on the 5th o f June, 187 2. placed Gen. Grant in nomination for a second term by a unanimous vote. T h e selection was emphatically indorsed by the people five months later, 29: electoral votes being cast f o r him. Soon after the close of his second term, Gen. Grant started upon his famous trip around the world. H e visited almost every country o f the civilized world, and was everywhere received w i t h s u c h ovations and demonstrations o f respect a n d honor, private as well as public and official, as were never before bestowed upon any citizen of the United States. He was the most prominent candidate before the Republican National Convention i n : 8 8 o for a renomination for President. H e went to New York and embarked in the brokerage business under the firm nameof Grant & Ward. T h e latter proved a villain, wrecked Grant's fortune, and for larceny was sent to the penitentiary. T h e General was attacked with cancer in the throat, but suffered in his stoic-like manner, never complaining. H e was re-instated as General of the Army and retired by Congress T h e cancer soon finished its deadly work, and July 23, :885, the nation went in mourning over the death of t the illustrious General. 4 �A ��N I P I R T E . E N T H P R E S I D E N T. •Vc7"-ArVeA`5C7.-,ie--.9L'W 9 ' r 3 41 • w r i - r x R r o R D B. H AY E S . 14; UTHERFORD B. H AV E S , the nineteenth President o f the United States, was born in Delaware, 0., Oct. 4, 1822, almost three months after the death of his father, Rutherford Hayes. H i s ancestry on both the paternal and maternal sides, was of the most honorable character. I t can be traced, it is said, as far back as r z8o, when Hayes and Rutherford were two Scottish chieftains, fighting side b y side with Baliol, William Wallace and Robert Bruce. Both families belonged to the nobility, owned extensive estates, and had a large following. Misfortune overtaking the family, George Hayes left Scotland in 168o, and settled in Windsor, Gann. H i s son George was born i n Windsor, and remained there dunng his life. Daniel Hayes, son of the latter, married Sarah Lee, and lived from the time of his marriage until his death in Simsbury, Conn. Ezekiel. son of Daniel, was born in 1724. and was a manufacturer of scythes at Bradford. Conn. Rutherford Hayes, son of Ezekiel and grandfather of President Hayes, was born in New Haven, in August, 1755. He was a farmer, blacksmith and tavern-keeper. H e emigrated to Vermont at an unknown date, settling in Brattleboro, where he established a hotel. H e r e his son Rutherford Hayes t h e father o f President Hayes, was 40- - - -km born. H e was married, in September, 1813, to Sophia Birchard, of Wilmington, Vt., whose ancestors emigrated thither from Connecticut, they having been among the wealthiest and best famlies o f Norwich. Her ancestry on the male side are traced back to 1635, to John Birchard, one of the principal founders of Norwich. B o t h of her grandfathers were soldiers in the Revolutionary War. The father of President Hayes was an industrious. frugal and opened-hearted man. H e was of a me• chanical turn, and could mend a plow, knit a stocking, or do almost anything else that he choose to undertake. H e was a member of the Church, active in all the benevolent enterprises of the town, and conducted his business on Christian principles. A f t e r the close of the war of 1812, for reasons inexplicable to his neighbors, he resolved to emigrate to Ohio. The journey from Vermont to Ohio in that day, when there were no canals, steamers, nor railways, was a very serious affair. A tour of inspection was first made, occupying four months. M r. Hayes determined to move to Delaware, where the family arrived in 1817. H e died July 22, 1822, a victim of malarial fever, less than three months before the birth of the son,of whom we now write. Mrs. Hayes, in her sore bereavement, found the support she so much needed in her brother Sardis, who had been a member of the household from the day of its departure from Ver. mont, and in an orphan girl whom she had adopted some time before as an act of charity. Mrs. Hayes at this period was very weak, and the �i4 92 R U T H E R F O R D B . H A YES. subject of this sketch was so feeble a t birth that he was not expected to live beyond a month or two a t most. A s the months went by he grew weaker and weaker, so that the neighbors were in the habit of i n quiring from time to time " if Mrs. Hayes' baby died last night." O n one occasion a neighbor, who was on familiar terms with the family, after alluding to the boy's big head, and the mother's assiduous care o f him, said in a bantering way, " That's right! Stick to him. Y o u have got him along so far, and I shouldn't wonder if lie would really come to something yet." " You need not laugh, said Mrs. Hayes. " You wait and see. Y o u can't tell but I shall make him President of the United States yet." T h e boy lived, in spite of the universal predictions o f his speedy death; and when, i n 1825, his older brother was drowned, he became, i f possible, still dearer to his mother. The boy was seven years old before he went t o school. H i s education, however, was not neglected. He probably learned as much from his mother and sister as he would have done at school. H i s sports were almost wholly within doors, his playmates being his sister and her associates. T h e s e circumstances tended, no doubt, to foster that gentleness of disposition, and that delicate consideration for the feelings of others, which are marked traits of his character. His uncle Sardis Birchard took the deepest interest in his education; and as the boy's health had i m proved, and he was making good progress in his studies, he proposed to send him to college. His preparation commenced with a tutor at home; but he was afterwards sent for one year to a professor in the Wesleyan University, in Middletown, Conn. H e e n tered Kenyon College in 1838, at the age of sixteen, and was graduated at the head of his class in 1842. Immediately after his graduation he began the study of law in the office of Thomas Sparrow, Esq., in Columbus. Finding his opportunities for study in Columbus somewhat limited, he determined to enter the Law School at Cambridge, Mass., where he remained two years. In 1845, after graduating at the Law School, he was admitted to the bar at Marietta, Ohio, and shortly afterward went into practice as an attorney-at-law with Ralph P. Buckland, of Fremont. H e r e he remained three years, acquiring but a limited practice, and apparently unambitious of distinction in his profession. In 1849 he moved to Cincinnati, where his ambition found a new stimulus. F o r several years, however, his progress was slow. Two events, occurring at this period, had a powerful influence upon his subsequent life. O n e of these was his marrage with Miss Lucy Ware Webb, daughter of Dr. James Webb, of Chilicothe; the other was his introduction to the Cincinnati Literary Club, a body embracing among its members such men as 'Thief Justice Salmon P. Chase, Gen. John I'ope, Gov. Edward F. Noyes, and many others hardly less distinguished i n after life. T h e marriage was a fortunate one in every respect, as everybody knows. N o t one of all the wives o f our Presidents was more universally admired, reverenced and beloved than was Mrs. Hayes, and no one did more than she to reflect honor upon American womanhood. T h e Literary Cluu brought M r. Hayes into constant association with young men o f high character and noble aims, and lured him to display the qualities so lung hidden b y his bashfulness and modesty. In 1856 he was nominated to the office of Judge of the Court of Common Pleas; but he declined to accept the nomination. T w o years later, the office o f city solicitor becoming vacant, t h e C i t y Council elected him for the unexpired term. In 186s, when the Rebellion broke out, he was at the zenith of his professional life. H i s rank a t the bar was among the the first. B u t the news o f the attack on Fort Sumpter found him eager to take u p arms for the defense of his country. His military record was bright and illustrious. I n October, 1861, he was made Lieutenant-Colonel, and in August, 1862, promoted Colonel of the 79th Ohio regiment, but he refused to leave his old comrades and go among strangers. Subsequently, however, he was made Colonel of his old regiment. A t the battle of South Mountain he received a wound, and while faint and bleeding displayed courage and fortitude that won admiration from all. Col. Hayes was detached from his regiment, after his recovery, to act as Brigadier-General, and placed in command o f the celebrated Kanawha division, and for gallant and meritorious services in the battles of Winchester, Fisher's Hill and Cedar Creek, he was promoted Brigadier-General. H e was also brevetted Major-General, "for gallant and distinguished services during the campaigns of 1864, in West Virginia." I n the course of his arduous services, four horses were shot from under him, and he was wounded four times. In 1864, Gen. Hayes was elected to Congress, from the Second Ohio District, which had long been Democratic. H e was not present during the campaign, and after his election was importuned t o resign his commission in the army ; but he finally declared, " I shall never come to Washington until I can come tn the way of Richmond." He was re-elected in 1866. In 1867, Gen Hayes was elected Governor of Ohio. over Hon. Allen G. Thurman, a popular Democrat. In 1869 was re-elected over George H . Pendleton. He was elected Governor for the third term in 1875. In 1876 he was the standard bearer of the Republican Party in the Presidential contest, and after a hard long contest was chosen President, and was in ankurated Monday, March 5, 0375. H e served his full term, not, Fawever, with satisfaction to his party, but his admiristration was an average - 4 �.i ��95 JAMES 4% O M A & AMES A. GARFIELD, twentieth President of the United States, was born Nov. t 9, 183i, in the woods of Orange, Cuyahoga Co., 0 H i s parents were Abram and Eliza (Ballow) Garfield, both o f New England ancestry and from families well known in the early history of that section of our country, but had moved to the Western Reserve, in Ohio, early in its settlement. The house in which James A. was born was not unlike the houses of j p o o r Ohio farmers of that day. I t ..as about sox 3o feet, built of logs, with the spaces be.ween the logs filled with clay. H i s father was a nard working fanner, and h e soon had his fields :leafed, an orchard planted, and a log barn built. The household comprised the father and mother and ..heir four children—Mehetahel, Thomas, Mary and James. I n May, 0123, the father, from a cold contracted in helping to put out a forest fire, died. A t this time James was about eighteen months old, and rfinni is about ten years old. N o one, perhaps, can •,:i m u c h James was indetted to his brother's cid self sacrifice during the twenty years succeeding his father's death, hut undoubtedly very much. H e now lives in M,r1-Ison, and the two siste.rs live in Solon, 0., near their birthplace. ,Atly educational advantages young Garfield w-re very limited, yet he made the most of ff.- labored at farm work for others, did carchopped wood, or *lid anything that ort.oild r u g in a few dollars to aid his widowed mother in he- .rrviggles to keep the little family to- 4 gether. N o r was Gen. Garfield ever ashamed of his origin, and he never forgot the friends of his struggling childhood, youth and manhood, neither did the) ever forget him. W h e n in the highest seats of honor, the humblest friend of his boyhood was as kindly greeted as ever. T h e poorest laborer was sure of the sympathy of one who had known all the bitterness of want and the sweetness of bread earned by the sweat of the brow. H e was ever the simple, plain, modest gentleman. The highest ambition o f young Garfield until he was about sixteen years old was to be a captain of a vessel on Lake Erie. H e was anxious to go aboard a vessel, which his mother strongly opposed. S h e finally consented to his going to Cleveland, with the understanding, however, that he should try to obtain some other kind of employment. H e walked all the way to Cleveland. This was his first visit to the city. After making many applications for work, and trying to get aboard a lake vessel, and not meeting with success, he engaged as a driver for his cousin, Amos Letcher, on the Ohio & Pennsylvania Canal. H e remained at this work but a short time when he went home, and attended the seminary a t Chester for about three years, when he entered Hiram and the Eclectic Institute, teaching a few terms of school in the meantime, and doing other work. T h i s school was started by the Disciples of Christ in 1850, of which church he was then a member. H e became janitor and bell-ringer in order to help pay his way. He then became both teacher and pupil. H e soon " exhausted Hiram " and needed more ; hence, in the fall of 1854, he entered Williams College, from which he graduated in r856, taking one of the highest honors of his class. H e afterwards returned to Hiram College as its President. A s above stated. he early united with the Christian or Diciples Church a t Hiram, and was ever after a devoted, zealous member, often preaching in its pulpit and places where he happened to be. D r . Noah Porter, President of Vale College, says of him in reference to his religion : �96 J A M E S A. G A R F I E L D . " President Garfield was more than a man o f strong moral and religious convictions. H i s whole history, from boyhood to the last, shows that duty to man and to God, and devotion to Christ and life and faith and spiritual commission were controlling springs of his being, and to a more than usual degree. I n my judgment there is no more interesting feature of his character than his loyal allegiance to the body of Christians in which he was trained, and the fervent sympathy which he ever showed in their Christian communion. N o t many of the few 'wise and mighty and noble who are called' show a similar loyalty to the less stately and cultured Christian communions in which they have been reared. T o o often it is true that as they step upward in social and political significance they step upward from one degree to another in some of the many types of fashionable Christianity. President Garfield adhered t o the church of his mother, the church in which he was trained, and in which he served as a pillar and an evangelist, and yet with the largest and most unsectarian charity for all 'who love our Lord in sincerity.'" Mr. Garfield was united in marriage with Miss Lucretia Rudolph, Nov. r 1, 1E858, who proved herself worthy as the wife of one whom all the world loved and mourned. T o them were born seven children, five of whom are still living, four boys and one girl. Mr. Garfield made his first political speeches in 1856, in Hiram and the neighboring villages, and three years later he began to speak at county mass-meetings, and became the favorite speaker wherever he was. During this year he was elected to the Ohio Senate. H e also began to study law at Cleveland, and in 1861 was admitted to the bar. T h e great Rebellion broke out in the early part o f this year, and Mr. Garfield at once resolved to fight as he had talked, and enlisted to defend the old flag. H e received his commission as Lieut.-Colonel of the Fortysecond Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry, Aug. 14, t£161. H e was immediately put into active service, and before he had ever seen a gun fired in action, was placed in command of four regiments of infantry and eight companies of cavalry, charged with the work of driving out of his native State the officer (Humphrey Marshall) reputed to be the ablest of those, not educated to war whom Kentucky had given to the Rebellion. T h i s work was bravely and speedily accomplished, although against great odds. President Lincoln, on his success commissioned hint Brigadier-General, Jan. t o , 1862; and as " he had been the youngest man in the Ohio Senate two years before, so now he was the youngest General in the army. H e was with Gen. a r m y a t Shiloh, in its operations around Corinth and its march through Alabama. H e was then detailed as a memberof the General Court-Martial for the trial of Gen. Fitz-John Porter. H e was then ordered to report to Gen. Rosecrans, and was assigned to the "Chief of Staff." The military liistory of Gen. Garfield closed with his brilliant services at Chickamauga, where he won the stars or the Major-General. Without an effort on his part Gen. Garfield was elected to Congress in the fall o f z1162 from the Nineteenth District of Ohio. T h i s section of Ohio had been represented i n Congress for sixty years mainly by two men—Elisha 1Vhittlesey and Joshua R. Giddings. I t was not without a struggle that be resigned his place in the army A t the time he e n tered Congress he was the youngest member in that body. T h e r e h e remained b y successive r e elections until he was elected President i n 1880. Of his labors in Congress Senator Hoar says : " Since the year 1864 you cannot think of a question which has been debated in Congress, or discussed before a tribune! of the American people, in regard to which you will not find, if you wish instruction, the argument on one side stated, in almost every instance better than by anybody else, in some speech made in the House of Representatives or on the hustings by Mr. Garfield." Upon Jan. 14. 188o, Gen. Garfield was elected to the U. S. Senate, and on the eighth of June, of the same year, was nominated as the candidate of his party for President at the great Chicago Convention. He was elected in the following November, and on March 4, r88 t, was inaugurated. • Probably no administration ever opened its existence under brighter auspices than that of President Garfield, and every day it grew in favor with the people, and by the first of July he had completed all the initiatory and preliminary work of his administration and was preparing to leave the city to meet his friends at Williams College. While on his way and at the depot, in company with Secretary Blaine, a man stepped behind him, drew a revolver, and fired directly at his back. The President tottered and fell, and as he did so the assassin fired a second shot, the bullet cutting the left coat sleeve of his victim, but inflicting no further injury. I t has been very truthfully said that this was " the shot that was heard round the world " Never before in the history of the Nation had anything occurred which so nearly froze the blood of the people for the moment, as this awful deed. H e was smitten on the brightest, gladdest day of all his life, and was at the summit of his power and hope. For eighty days, all during the hot months of July and August, he lingered and suffered. H e , however, remained master of himself till the last, and by his magnificent bearing was teaching the country and the world the noblest of human lessons—how to live grandly in the very clutch of death. G r e a t in life, he was surpassingly great in death. H e passed serenely away Sept. 19, 1883, at Elheron, N. J., on the very bank of the ocean, where he had been taken shortly previous. The world wept at his death, as it never had done on the death of any other man who had ever lived upon it. The murderer was duly tried, found guiliv and executed, in one year after he committed the foul deed. 000-111-40 ��117 �10— T W E N T Y- F I R S T PRESIDENT • HESTER A . A R T H U R , twenty-first Presid...,r o f the United States was born i n Franklin Cour ty, Vermont, on the fifthof Od ober, 1830, and is the oldest o f a family o f two sons and five daughters. H i s father was the Rev. Dr. William Arthur, a Baptist cl'..rgyman, who emigrated to th's country from the county Antim, Ireland, in his r8th year, and died in 1875, in Newtonville, near Albany, after a long and successful ministry. Young Arthur was educated at Union College, St henectady, where he excelled in all his studies. A f ter his graduation he taught school in Vermont for two years, and at the expiration of that time came to New York, with t o o in his pocket, and entered the office of ex-Judge E. D . Culver as student. A f t e r I b e i n g admitted to the bar he formed apartnership with his intimate friend and room-mate. Henry D. Gardiner, with the intention o f practicing in the West, and for three months they roamed about in the Western States in search of an eligible site. but in the end returned to New York, where they hung out their shingle, and entered upon a successful career almost from the start. General Arthur soon afterward marred the daughter o f Lieutenant Hemdon, of the United States Navy, who was Joe at sea. Congress voted a gold medal to his widow in recognition of the bravery he displayed on that occasion. M r s . Arthur died shortly before Mr. Arthur's nomination t o the Vice Presidency, leaving two children. Gen. Arthur obtained considerable legal celebrity in his first great case, the famous Lemmon suit, brought to recover possession of eight slaves who had been declared free by Judge Paine, of the Superior Court of New York City. I t was in 1852 that Jon. athan Lemmon, of Virginia, went to New York with his .slaves, intending to ship them to Texas, when they were discovered and freed. T h e Judge decided that they could not be held by the owner under the Fugitive Slave Law. A howl of rage went up from the South, and the Virginia Legislature authorized the Attorney General of that State to assist in an appeal. Wm. M. Evarts and Chester A. Arthur were employed to represent the People, and they won their case. which then went to the Supreme Court of the United States. Charles O'Conor here espoused the cause of the slave-holders, but he too was beaten by Messrs. Evans and Arthur, and a long step was taken toward the emancipation of the black race. Another great service was rendered by General Arthur in the same cause in 1856. Lizzie Jennings, a respectable colored woman, was put off a Fourth Avenue car with violence after she had paid her fare. General Arthur sued on her behalf, and secured a verdict of t o o damages. T h e next day the company issued an order to admit colored persons to ride on their cars, and the other car companies quickly �4 N 100 CH ES TAR A . A le 711 UK. lions were throbbing i n unison, longing for the refollowed their example. Before that the sixth Ay e . n u e Company ran a few special cars for colored per- covery of the noble, the good President. The remarkable patience that he manifested during those hours sons and the other lines refused to let them ride at all. and weeks, and even months, of the most terrible sufGeneral Arthur was a delegate to the Convention fering man has often been called upon to endure. was at Saratoga that founded t h e Republican party. seeiningl) more than human. I t was certainly (kidPrevious to the war he was judge-Advoyate o f the Second Brigade of the State of New York, and Gov- like. D u r i n g all this period of deepest anxiety Mr. ernor Morgan, of that State, appointed him Engineer- Arthur's every move was watched, and be it said to his in-Chief of his staff. I n ' M t , he was made Inspec- credit that his every action displayed only an earneat tor General, and soon afterward became Quartermas- desire that the suffering Garfield might recover, to serve the remainder of the term he had so auspiter-General. I n each o f these offices he rendered ciously begun. N o t a selfish feeling was manifested great service to the Government during the war. A t in deed or look o f this man, even though the most the end of Governor Morgan's term he resumed the honored position in the world was a t any moment practice of the law, fooning a partnership with M r. likely to fall to 'Ulu. Ransom, and then Mr. Phelps, the District 1ttorney of New Volk, was added to the don. The legal pracAt last God in his mercy relieved President Gartice of this well-known firm %%asvery large and r a field from further sintering, and the world, as never rive, each of the gentlemen composing i t were able before i n i t s history over the death o f a n y other lawyers, and possessed a splendid local reputation, i f man. wept at his bier. T h e n it became the duty of nut indeed one of national extent. the Vice President to assume the responsibilities o f He always took a leading f a r t i n State and city the high office, and he took the oath i n New York, Sept. zo, 1551. T h e position was an embarrassing politics. H e was appointed Collector of the Port o f New York by President Grant, Nov. at I S ; 2, to SLR,- one to hint, made doubly so from the facts that all eyes were on him, anxious to know what he would do, ceed Thomas Murphy, and held the office until July, what policy he would pursue, and who he would seso, t878. when he was succeeded by Collector Nlerritt. lect as advisers. T h e ditties o f the office had been Mr. A r t h u r was nominated on the Presidential greatly neglected during the President's long illness, ticket, with Gen. James A. Garfield. a t the famous and many important measures were to be immediately National Republican Convention held at Chicago in decided by him; and still farther to embarrass him he June, t83o. T h i s was perhaps the greatest political did not fail to realife under what circumstances he convention that ever assembled on the continent. I t became President, and knew the feelings of many on was composed of the leading politicians of the Republican party, all able men, and each stood firm and this point. Under these trying circumstances President Arthur took the reins of the Government in his own fought vigorously and with signal tenacity fur then respective candidates that were before the conven- hands; and, as embarrassing as were the condition of affairs, he happily surprised the nation, acting sri tion for the nomination. F i n a l l y Gen. Garfield rewisely that b u t few criticised h i s administration. ceived the nomination for President and Gen. Arthur He served t h e nation well and faithfully, until the for Vice-President. T h e campaign which followed close of his administration, March 4. t885, and was was one of the most animated known in the history of a popular candidate before his party for a second our country. G e n . Hancock, the standard-bearer of term. H i s name was ably presented before the conthe Democratic party, was a popular man, and his vention a t Chicago, and was received with great party made a valiant fight for his election. favor, and doubtless but for the personal popularity Finally the election came and the country's choice of one o f the opposing candidates, he would have was Garfield and Arthur. T h e y were inaugurated been selected a s the standard-bearer o f his party March 4, M I , as President and Vice-President. for another campaign. H e retired to private life carA few months only had passed ere the newly chosen rying pith him the best wishes of the American peoPresident was the victim of the assassin's bullet. Then came terrible weeks o f suffering,—rhos. moment, of ple, whom he had served i n a manner satisfactory Tyranxious suspense, when the hearts of all civilised n a - to them and with credit to himself. a - - - 1 1 - - s i f t 4. ��7' WEN T Y -SECOND P R b S I D E N T. i E - - 4 . drover Deue1aiXt17- i - 04-.0 TEPHEN GROVER CLEVELAN D, the twenty- second President of the United States, was born i n t837, in the obscure town o f Caldwell, Essex Co., N. J., and in a little two-and-ahalf-story white house which is still standing, characteristically t o mark the humble birth-place o f one of America's great men in striking contrast with the Old World, where all men high in office must be high in origin and born i n t h e cradle o f wealth. W h e n the subject o f this sketch was three years o f age, his father, who was a Presbyterian minister, with a large family a.nd a small salary, moved, by way o f the Hudson River and Erie Canal. to Fayetteville, in search of an increased income and a larger field of work. Fayetteville was then the most straggling of country villages, about five miles from Pompey Hill, where Governor Seymour was born, At the last mentioned place young Grover commenced going to school in the " good. old-fashioned way," and presumably distinguished himself after the manner of all village boys, in doing the things he ought not to do. Such is the distinguishing trait of all geniuses and independent thinkers. W h e n he arrived at the age of 14 years, he had outgrown the rapacity of the villag.: school and expressed a most 11 - 4 . 4 emphatic desire to be sent to an academy. T o this his father decidedly objected. Academies in those days cost money; besides, his father wanted him to become self-supporting b y t h e quickest possible means, and this at that time in Fayetteville seemed to be a position in a country store, where his father and the large family on his hands had considerable influence. Grover was to be paid t o for his services the first year, and if he proved trustworthy he was to receive 'too the second year. H e r e the lad commenced his career as salesman, and in two years he had earned so good a reputation for trustworthiness that his employers desired to retain him for an indefinite length of time. Otherwise he did not exhibit as yet any particular " flashes of genius " or eccentricities of talent. H e was simply a good boy. But instead of remaining with this firm in Fayetteville, he went with the family in their removal to Clinton, where he had an opportunity of attending a high school. H e r e h e industriously pursued his studies until the family removed with him to a point on Black River known as the " Holland Patent," a village of 500 or Goo people, 13 miles north of Utica, N. Y. A t this place his father died, after preaching but three Sundays. T h i s event broke up the family, and Grover set out for New York City to accept, at a small salary. the position of "under-teacher " in an asylum for the blind. H e taught faithfully for two years. and although he obtained a good reputation in this capacity, he rrancluded that teaching was not his ��- 1 7 : clin-rmr- i f i l i a l ! " 1i -*a • ��1 •••...•im ��&_ �GO VER NO RS GI.' .11 /CHI GA N. r o s • 4-10+44 t f t e a _ P • . + 3 W 7 1 7 ' S T E P R E N T. MASON'. tAga,e'S‘r"--•"' .40-- g TEPHEN T. MASON, the first Govcrnorof Michigan, was a son of Gen. John T. Mason, of Kentucky, but was born in Virginia, in Olt 2. A t the age of tg he was appointed Secretary of Michigan Territory, and served in that capacity during the administration of GOV. George b. Porter. U p o n the death of Gov. Porter, which occurred on the 6th of July, 1834, Mr. Mason became Acting Governor. I n October, 1835, he was elected Governor tinder the St ate organization, and immediately e n tered upon the performance o f the duties o f the office, although the State was not yet admitted into the Union. A f t e r the State was admitted into the Union, (;ovemor Mason was re-elected to the position, and served with credit to himself and to the advantage of the State. He died Jan. 4, 1843. T h e principal event during Governor Mason's official career, was that arising from the disputed southern boundary of the State. Michigan claimed for her southern boundary a line running east across the peninsula Irons the extreme southern point of Lake Michigan, extending through Lake Erie. t o the Pennsylvania line. T h i s she claimed as a vested right—a right accruing to her by compact. T h i s compact was the ordinance of 1787, the parties to which votre the anginal t3 States, and the territory northwest of the Ohio; and, by the succession of parties under statutory amendments to the ordinance and laws of Congress—the United States on the one part, and each Territory northwest of the ,• b y their provisions, on the — other. Michigan, therefore, claimed it under the prior grant, or assignation of boundary. Ohio, on the other hand, claimed that the ordinance had been superseded by the Constitution o f the United States, and that Congress had a right to regulate the boundary. I t was also claimed that the Constitution of the State of Ohio having described a different line, and Congress having admitted the State under that Constitution, without mentioning the subject of the line in dispute, Congress had thereby given its consent to the line as laid down by the Constitution of Ohio. T h i s claim was urged by Ohio at sonic periods of the controversy, but at others she appeared to regard the question unsettled, by the fact that she insisted upon Congress taking action in re. gard to the boundary. Accordingly, we find that, in 1812, Congress authorized the Surveyor-General to survey a line, agreeably to the act, to enable the people of Ohio to form a Constitution and State government. Owing to Indian hostilities, however, the line was not run till 1818. I n 1820, the question i n dispute underwent a rigid examination by the Committee on Public Lands. T h e claim of Ohio was strenuously urged by her delegation, and as ably opposed by Mr. Woodbridge, the then delegate from Michigan. T h e result was that the committee decided unanimously in favor of Michigan; but, in the hurry of business, no action was taken by Congress, and the question remained open till Michigan organized her State government. The Territory in dispute is about five miles i n width at the west end, and about eight miles in width at the east end, and extends along the whole northern line of Ohio, west of Lake Erie. The line claimed by Michigan was known as the " Fulton line,- and that claimed I iy Ohio was known as the" Harris sew 010 �T E P E k.,‘" 71 .11.-LSO from the names of the surveyors. T h e territory was valuable for its rich agricultural lands; but the chief value consisted in the fact that the harbor o n the Maumee River, where now stands the flourishing city of Toledo, was included within its limits T h e town originally bore the name o f Swan Creek, afterwards Port Lawrence, then Vestula, and then Toledo. In February, 1835, the Legislature of Ohio passed an act extending the jurisdiction o f the State over the territory i n question; erected townships a n d directed them to hold elections in April following. I t also directed Governor Locus to appoint three commissioners to survey and re-mark the Harris line; and named the first of April as the day to commence the survey. Acting Governor M tson, however. anticipated this action on the part of the Ohio Legislature, sent a special message to the Legislative Council, apprising it of Governor Lucas' message, and advised immediate action by that body to anticipate and counteract the proceedings of Ohio. Accordingly, on the t sth of February, the council passed an act making it a criminal offence, punishable by a heavy fine, o r i m prisonment, for any one to attempt t o exercise any official functions, or accept any office within the jurisdiction of Michigan, under GT by virture o f any authority not derived from the Territory, or the United States. On the 9th of March, Governor Mason wrote General Brown, then in command of the Michigan militia, directing him to hold himself in readiness to meet the enemy in the field in case any attempt was made on the part of Ohio to carry out the provisions of that act of the Legislature. On the 31st of March, Governor Lucus, with his commissioners, arrived at Perrysburgh, on their way to commence re-surveying the Harris line. H e was accompanied b y General Bell and staff, of the Ohio Militia, who proceeded to muster a volunteer force o f about 600 men, T h i s was soon accomplished, and the force fully armed and equipped. T h e force then went into camp at Fort Miami, to await the Governor's orders. In the meantime, Governor Mason, with General Brown and staff, h a d raised a force Soo t o raoo strong, and were in possession o f Toledo. G e n e r a l Brown's Staff consisted of Captain Henry Smith, o f Monroe, Inspector; M a j o r J. J. Ullman, o f Constantine, Quartermaster; William E . Broadman, o f Deroit, and Alpheus Fetch, of Monroe, A i d s - d e , atop, W h e n Governor Lucas observed t h e determined bearing of the Michigan braves, and took note. OP- --411• 4 of their number, he found i t convenient to content himself for a time with " watching over the border. Several days were passed in this exhilarating employment, and just as Governor Lucas had made up his mind to do something rash, two commissioners arrived from Washington on a mission of peace. T h e ) remonstrated with Gov. Lucas, and reminded him of the consequences to himself and his State i f he persisted in his attempt to gain possession of the disputed territory b y force. A f t c r several conferences with both governors, the commissioners submitted propositions for their consideration. Governor Lucas at once accepted the propositions. and disbanded his forces. Governor Mason, on the other hand, refused to accede to the arrangement, and declined to compromise the rights of his people b) a surrender of possession and jurisdiction. W h e n Governor Locus disbanded his forces, however, Governor Mason partially followed suit, but still held himself in readiness to meet any emergency that might arise. Governor Locus now supposed that his way was clear, and that he could re-mark the Harris line without being molested, and ordered the commissioners to proceed with their work. In the meantime, Governor Mason kept a watchful eye upon the proceedings. G e n e r a l Brown sent scouts through the woods to watch their movements, and report when operations were commenced. When the surveying party got within the county of Lenawee, the under-sheriff of that county, armed with a warrant, and accompanied by a posse, suddenly made his appearance, and succeeded in arresting a portion of the party. T h e rest, including the commissioners. took to their heels, and were soon beyond t h e disputed territory. T h e y reached Perrysburgh the following day in a highly demoralized condition, and reported they had been attacked by an overwhelming force o f Michigan inalitia. tinder command o f General Brown. This summary breaking lip of the surveying parts produced the most tremendous excitement throughout Ohio. Governor Lucas called an extra session of the Legislature. B u t little remains to be said in reference to the "war." T h e question continued for sonic time to agitate the minds of the opposing parties; a n d the action of Congress was impatiently awaited. Michigan was adniitted into the Union on the condition that she give to Ohio the disputed territory, and accept in o -torn the Northern Peninsula, which she did. oilw-111-41° ��E.C:0 .1( I) GO V ER R 0 / ' .117C /I IG ..1 aPcs"1"-ad—r-o-aDm. A I LL1ANI W O O D B R I D G E , second Governor of Michigan, was born at Norwich, Corm., Aug. zo, 1780, a n d died at Detroit Oct. 2 o , iS61. H e was of a family of three brothers and t w o sisters. H i s father, Dudley Woodbridge, removed to Marietta, Ohio, about 179o. T h e life of Wm. Woodbridge, by Chas. Lauman, from which this sketch is largelycompiled, mentions nothing concerning his early education beyond the fact that it was such as was afforded by the average school of the time, except a year with the French colonists a t Gallipolis, where lie acquired a knowledge of the French language. I t should be borne in mind, however, that home education at that time was an indispensable feature i n the training of the young. T o this and and to a few studies well mastered. ;s due that strong mental discipline which has served as a basis for many of the grand intellects that have adorned and helped to make our National history. Mr. Woodbridge studied law at Marietta, having as a fellow student an intimate personal friend, a young man subsequently distinguished, but known at that time simply as Lewis Cass. H e graduated at the law school in Connecticut, after a course there of nearly three years, and began to practice at Marietta in r8016_ I n June, 1806, he married, at Hartford, Connecticut, Juleanna, daughter of John Trumbell, a distinguished author and judge: and author of the 1 Nom McFingal, which, during a dark period of the Revolution, wrought such a magic change upon the spirits of the colonists. H e was happy in his domes• tic relations until the death of Mrs. W., Feb. 2,19, I 86o. Our written biographies necessarily speak more fully of men, because of their active participation in public affairs, but human actions are stamped upon the page of time and when the scroll shall be unrolled the influence of good women upon the history of the world will be read side by side with the deeds of men. How much success and renown in life many men owe to their wives is probably little known. M r s . W. e n joyed the best means of early education that the country afforded, and her intellectual genius enabled her to improve her advantages. During her life, side by side with the highest type of domestic and social graces, she manifested a keen intellectuality that formed the crown of a faultless character. S h e was a natural poet, and wrote quite a large number of fine verses, some of which are preserved i n a printed menional essay written upon the occasion o f her death. I n this essay, it is said of her "to contribute even in matters of minor importance, to elevate the reputation and add to the well being of her husband in the various stations he was called upon to fill, gave her the highest satisfaction " She was an invalid during the latter portion of her life, but was patient and cheerful to the end. In 1807, Mr. W. was chosen a representative to the General Assembly of Ohio, and in 1809 was elected to the Senate, continuing a member by re-election until his removal from the State. H e also held, by appointment, during the time the of& e of Prosecuting Attorney for his county. H e took a leading part in the Legislattire. and in 18,2 drew up a declaration and resolutions, which passed the two holisesitnamiliously1 �1V/LL1milAN IVOOD.Bleili&E. and attracted great attention, endorsing, in strongest sad most emphatic terms, the war measures of President Madison. D u r i n g the period from 1804 to 1814 the two law students, Woodbridge and Cass, had become widely separated. T h e latter was Governor of the Territory of Michigan under the historic "Governor and Judges' plan, with the indispensable requisite of a Secretary of the Territorry. T h i s latter position was, in :814, without solicitation on his part, tendered t o Mr. W. H e accepted the position with some hesitation, and entered upon its duties as soon as he could make the necessary arrangements for leaving Ohio. The office of Secretary involved also the duties o f collectorof customs at the port of Detroit, and during the frequent absences of the Governor, the dischargeof of his duties, also including those of Superintendent of Indian Affairs. M r . W. officiated as Governor for about two years out of the eight years that beheld the office of Secretary Under the administration of "GovMOT and Judges," which the people of the Territory preferred for economical reasons, to continue some time after their numbers entitled them to a more popular representative system, they were allowed no delegate in Congress. M r . W., as a sort of informal agent o f the people, by correspondence and also by a visit to the National capital, so clearly set forth the demand for representation b y a delegate, that an act was passed in Congress in 1819 authorizingone to be chosen. Under this act Mr. W. was elected by the concurrence of all parties. H i s first action in Congress was to secure the passage of a bill recognizing and confirming the old French land titles in the Territory according to the terms of the treaty o f peace with Great Britain at the close of the Revolution ; and another for the construction of a Government road through the "black swamps" from the Miami River to Detroit, thus opening a means of land transit between Olio and Michigan. H e was influential in securing the passage of bills for the construction of Government roads front Detroit to Chicago, aad Detroit to Fort Gratiot, and for the improvement of La Plaisance Bay. T h e expedition for the exploration of the country around Lake Superior and in the valley of the Upper Mississippi, projected by Governor Cass, was set on foot by means of representations made to the head of the department by Mr. W. W h i l e in Congress he strenuously maintained the right of Michigan to the strip of territory now forming the northern boundary of Ohio, which formed the subject of such grave dispute between Ohio and Michigan at the time o f the a d mission of the latter int') the Union. H e served but o n e t e r m a s delegate t o Congress, d e clining further service o n account of personal and family considerations. M r . W. continued to discharge the duties of Secretary of the Territory tip to the time its Government passed into the "second grade." In 1824, he was appointed one of a board o f commissioners for adjusting private land claims in 1 the 'territory, and was engaged also in the practice of his profession, having the best law library in the Territory. I n 1828, upon the recommendation o f the Governor, Judges and others, he was appointed by the President, J. Q. Adams, to succeed Hon. James Wit h erell, who had resigned as a Judge of what is conventionally called the "Supreme Court" of the Territory. This court was apparently a continuation of the Territorial Court, tinder the "first grade" or "Governor and Judges" system. a l t h o u g h it was supreme in its judicial functions within the Territory, its powers and duties were of a very general character. In 1832, the term of his appointment as Judge expiring, President Jackson appointed a successor, it is supposed on political grounds, much to the disappointment of the public and the bar of the Territory. T h e partisan feeling of the time extended into the Territory, and its people began to think o f assuming the dignity of a State government. P a r t y lines becoming very sharply drawn, he identified himself with the Whigs and was elected a member of the Convention of 1835, which formed the first State Constitution. In 1837 he was elected a member of tr e State Senate. This sketch has purposely dealt somewhat in detail with what may be called Judge W's. earlier career. because it is closely identified with t h e early history of the State, and the development of its political system. Since the organization of the State Government the history of Michigan is more familiar, and hence no review o f Judge W's career as Governor and Senator will be attempted. H e was elected Governor in 1839, under a popular impression that the affairs of the State had not been prudently administered by the Democrats. H e served as Governor but little more than a year, when he was elected t o the Senate of the United States. Hi, term in the Senate practically closed his political life, although he was strongly urged b y many prominent men f o r the Whig nomination f o r Vice President in r848. Soon after his appointment as Judge in 1828, Governor W. took u p his residence on a tract o f land which he owned in the township o f Spring Wells. a short distance below what was then the corporate limits of Detroit, where he resided during the remainder of his life. B o t h in his public papers and private communications, Governor W. shows himself a master of language; he is fruitful in simile and illustration, logical in arrangement, happy in the choice and treatment of topics, and terse and vigorous in expression. Judge W. was a Congregationalist. H i s opinions on all subjects were decided; he was earnest a n d energetic, courteous and dignified, and at times exhibited a vein o f fine humor that was the more attractive because not too often allowed to come to the surface. H i s letters and addresses show a deep and earnest affection not only for his ancestral home, but the home of his adoptiin and for friends and family. ��GO R MORS O F t h / I C H I G A N . a J O H N B. OHN STEWARD B A R RY, Governor o f Michigan front Jan. 3. 1842, to Jan. 5, 1846, and from Jan. 7, 1850. to Jan. 1, 1852, was horn at Amherst, N. H., Jan. 29, 18oz. His parents, John and Ellen (Steward) Barry. early removed to Rockingham, Vt., where he remained until he became of age, working on his father's farm, a n d pursuing h i s studies at the same time. H e married Mary Kidder, of Grafton, Vt., and in 1824 went to Georgia. Vt., where he had charge of an academy for two years, meanwhile studding law. H e afterward practiced law in that State. While he was in Georgia he was for some time a member of the Governor's staff, with the title of Governor's Aid, and at a somewhat earlier period was Captain of a company of State militia. I n 1831 he removed to Michigan, and settled at White Pigeon, where he engaged in mercantile business with I . W. Willard. Four years after, 1834. Mr. Barry removed to Con- 4 B A R R Y stantine and continued his mercantile pursuits. H e became Justice of the Peace at White Pigeon, Mich.. in 1831. and held t h e office i.util the year 1835. Mr. Barry's first public office was that o f a member of the first constitutional convention, which assembled and flamed the constitution upon which Michigan was admitted into the Union. H e took an important and prominent part in the proceedings of that body. arid showed himself to he a man of far more than ordinary ability. Upon Michigan being admitted into the Union, Mr. Barry was chosen State Senator, and so favorably were his associates impressed with his abilities at the first session of the Legislature that they looked to him as a party leader, and that he should head the State ticket at the following election. Accordingly he received the nomination for Governor at the hands of his party assembled in convention. H e was elected, and so popular was his administration that, i n 1842, he was again elected. D u r i n g these years Michigan was embarrassed by great financial difficulties, and it was through his wisdom and sound judg• ment that the State was finally placed upon a solid financial basis. During the first year of Gov. Barry's first term, the University at Ann Arbor was opened for the reception �OOP- . - ' 4 0 . J O H N S M I I A R I ) B A R R Y. of students. T h e Michigan Central and Michigan Southern railroads were being rapidly constructed, and general progress was everywhere noticeable. I n 1842, the number of pupils reported as attending the public schools was nearly fifty-eight thousand. I n 1843, a State land office was established at Marshall, which was invested with the charge and disposition o f all the lands belonging to the State I n 1844, the taxable property of the State was found t o be over twenty-eight millions of dollars, the tax being at the rate of two mills on the dollar. T h e expenses of the State were only seventy thousand dollars, while the income from the railroads was nearly three hundred thousand dollars. A t this time the University o f Michigan had become so prosperous that its income was ainple.to pay the interest on the University debt; and the amount of money which the State was able to loan the several progressing railroads was one hundred and twenty thousand dollars. Efforts were made to increase the efficiency of the common schools with good results I n 1845, when Gov. Barry's second term expired, the population o f the State was more than three hundred thousand. The constitution of the State forbade more than two consecutive terms, but he was called upon to fill the position again in f850—the only instance of the kind in the history of the State. H e was a member of the Territorial Legislature, of the Constitutional ronvention, and afterward of the State House of Representatives. During Mr. Barry's third term as Governor the Normal School was established at Ypsilanti, which was endowed with lands and placed in charge of a board of education consisting of six persons. A new constitution for the government o f the State was tilso adopted and the "Great Railway Conspiracy Case " was tried. T h i s grew out of a series of lawless acts which had been committed upon the property of the Michigan Central Railroad Company, along the line of their road, and finally the burning o f the depot at Detroit, in 185o. At a setting of the grand jury o f Wayne County, April 24, t851, 37 men of the 50 under arrest for this crime were indicted. M a y 2o, following, the accused parties appeared at the Circuit Court o f Wayne, of which Warner Wing was resident judge. T h e Railroad Company employed ten eminent lawyers, including David Stuart, John Van Arman, James A . Van Dyke, Jacob M. Howard, Alex. D. Fraser, Daniel Goodwin and William Gray. The defendants were represented by six members of the State bar, led by William H. Seward, of New York. The trial occupied four months, during which time the plaintiffs examined246 witnesses i n 27 days, and the defendants 244 In 4o days. M r . Van Dyke addressed the jury for the prosecution; William H . Seward f o r the defense. The great lawyer was convinced o f the innocence 4. 1 of his clients, nor did the verdict of that jury and the sentence of that judge remove his firm belief that his clients were the victims o f purchased treachery. rather than so many sacrifices to justice. The verdict of - guilty •• was rendered at 9 o'clock P. 51., Sept. 25, 185 I. O n the 26th the prisoners were put for-ward to receive sentence, when many of them protested their entire innocence, after which the presiding judge condemned 12 of the number to the following terms of imprisonment, with hard labor, within the State's prison, situate i n their county : A m m i Filley, ten years: Orlando L. Williams, ten years; Aaron Mount, eight years; Andrew J. Freeland, eight years; Eben Farnham, eight years; William Corvin, eight years; Richard Price, eight years; Evan Price. eight years; Lyman Champlin, five years: Willard IV. Champlin, five years; Erastus Champlin, five years; Erastus Smith, five years. In 1840, Gov. Barry became deeply interested i n the cultivation of the sugar beet, and visited Europe to obtain information in reference to its culture. He was twice Presidential Elector, and h i s last public service was that of a delegate to the National Democratic Convention held in Chicago in 1864. He was a man who, throughout life, maintained a high character for integrity and fidelity t o the trusts liestowed upon I • , whether of a public or a private nature, and lie is acknowledged by all to have been one of the most efficient and popular Governors the State has ever had. (;ov. Barry was a man of incorruptible integrity. His opinions, which he reached by the most thorough investigation, he held tenaciously. H i s strong convictions and outspoken honesty made it impossible for hint to take an undefined position when a principle was involved. H i s attachments and prejudices were strong, yet he was never accused of favoritism i n his administration of public affairs. A s a speaker he was not remarkabld. Solidity, rather than brilliancy, characterized his oratory, which is described as argumentative and instructive, but cold, hard. and entirely wanting in rhetorical ornament. H e was never eloquent, seldom humorous or sarcastic, and i n manner rather awkward. Although Mr. Ban) 's educational advantages were SOlimited. lie was a life-long student. H e mastered hoth ancient and modern languages, and acquired a thorough knowledge of history. N o man owed less to political intrigue as a means o f gaining position. H e was a true statesman, and gained public esteem by his solid worth. H i s political connections were always with the Democratic party, and his opinions were usually extreme. Mr. Barry retired to private life after the beginning of the ascendency of the Republican party, and earned on his mercantile business at Constantine. H e died Jan. 14, tS70, his wife's death having occurred :i ear previous, March ao. iSfin. They left no children. 111 - 4 1 . I ��-f �fi GO I'ERNORS O F ilf/ChriGit N. - - " i AiipiTEv. V.ELCII. ' 4 1 1 . ..-41.404F:r---46-M•IKi:-- .-.0-3tee4a--04".•3V-•31K-•."--, ',114.11.i'&41:11K-11011E-410-31E40-2;:--4)-4...'1'-f2•=41-0-31t-0-31K10111141,11K-11.= 34 -ape ,.. .-.-;z..•,,, owe' :,-...4,•, tft-LPHEUS FELCH, the third Governor o f Michigan, was born in Limerick, Maine, September 28, 18o6. H i s grandfat her, Abijah Fetch, was a soldier in the Revolution a n d when a young man, having with others obtained a grant of land between the Great and Little Ossi pee Rivers, in Maine, moved to that region when i t was jet a wilderness. The father of Mr. Fetch embarked in mercantile life at Limerick. H e was the first to engage in that business in that section, and continued i t until his death. T h e death of the father, 1 f o l l o w e d within a year by the death of the mother. left the subject of this sketch, then three years old, to the care of relatives, and he found a home with his paternal grandfather, where he remained until his death. M r Fetch received his early education in the district school and a neighboring academy. I n 1821 he became a student at Phillips Ester Academy, and, subsequently, entered Bowdon' College. graduated with the class of 18:7. H e at once began the study o f law and was admitted t o practice at Bangor, Me., in 183o. He began the practice of his profession at Houlton, Me., where he remained until '833. T h e severity of the climate impaired his health, never very good, and he found it necessary to seek a change of climate. He disposed o f his library and started t o seek a new home. H i s intention was to jnin his friend, fl• 4 Sargent S. Prentiss, at Vicksburg, Miss., but on his arrival a t Cincinnati, Mr. Fele!' was attacked by cholera, and when he had recovered sufficiently to permit of his traveling, found that the danger of the disease was too great to permit a journey down the river. H e therefore determined to conic to Michigan. H e first began to practice in this State at Monroe, where lie continued until r843, when he removed to Ann Arbor. H e was elected to the State Legislature in 1835, and continued a member of that body during the years 1836 and 1837. W h i l e he held this office, the general banking law of the State was enacted, and went into operation. A f t e r mature delibera• tion, he became convinced that the proposed system of banking could not prove beneficial to the public interests; and that, instead of relieving the people front the pecuniary difficulties under which they were laboring, it would result in still further embarrassment. H e , therefore, opposed the bill, and pointed out to the House the disasters which, in his opinion, were sure to follow its passage. T h e public mind, however, was so favorably impressed by the measure that nu other member, in either branch of the Legislature, raised a dissenting voice, and but two voted with him in opposition to the bill. E a r l y in 1838, he was appointed one o f the Bank Commissioners o f the State, and held that office for more than a year. D u r ing this time, the new banking law had given birth to that numerous progeny known as "wild-cat" banks. Almost every village had its bank. T h e country was flooded with depressed "wild-cat" money. T h e examinations of the Bank Commissioners brought to light frauds at every point, which were fearlessly re- �ALP/PE'G'S l ' E L C H . ported to the Legislature, and were followed by cnminal prosecutions of the guilty parties, and the closing of many of their institutions. T h e duties of the office were most laborious, and in 1839 M r. Felch resigned. T h e chartered right of almost every bank had, in the meantime, been declared forfeited and the law repealed. I t was subsequently decided t o be constitutional by the Supreme Court of the State. In the year 1842 Governor Felch was appointed to the office o f Auditor General o f the State; but after holding the office only a few weeks, was commissioned by the Governor as one of the Judges of the Supreme Court, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Fletcher. I n January, 1843. he was elected to the United States Senate for an unexpired term. I n 1845 he was elected Governor of Michigan, and entered upon his duties at the commencement of the next year. I n 1847 he was elected a Senator in Congress for six years; and at once retired from the office o f Governor, by resignation, which took effect March 4, 1847, when his Senatorial term commenced. W h i l e a member of the Senate he acted on the Committee on Public Lands, and for four years was its Chairman. H e filled the honorable position of Senator with becoming dignity, and with great credit to the State of Michigan. During Governor Felch's administration the two railroads belonging to the State were sold to private corporations,—the Central f o r $2,000,000, and the Southern for too,00o. T h e exports of the State amounted in 1846 to $4,647,608. T h e total capacity of vessels enrolled in the collection district at Detroit was 26,928 tons, the steam vessels having 8,400 and the sailing vessels 18,528 tons, the whole giving e m ployment to t8,000 seamen. I n 1847, there were 39 counties in the State, containing 435 townships ; and and Mexican land claims i n California, under the treaty of Gaudalupe Hidalgo, and an act of Congress passed for that purpose. H e went t o California in May, 1853, and was made President of the Commission. T h e duties of this office were of the most important and delicate character. T h e interest o f the new State, and the fortunes of many o f its citizens. both the native Mexican population and the recent American immigration ; the right o f the Pueblos t o their common lands, and of the Catholic Church t o the lands of the Missions,—the most valuable of the State,—wereinvolved in the adjudicationsof this Commission. I n March, 1856, their labors were brought to a close by the Anal disposition 0 f all t h e claims which were presented. T h e record of their proceedings,—the testimony which was given in each case, and the decision o f the Commissioners thereon,— consisting of some forty large volumes, was deposited in the Department of the Interior at Washington. In June of that year, Governor Felch returned to Ann Arbor, where he has since been engaged principally in legal business. S i n c e h i s return he has been nominated for Governor and also for U. S. Senator, and twice for Judge of the Supreme Court. B u t the Democratic party, to which he has always been attached, being in the minority, he failed of an election. I n 1873 he withdrew from the active practice of law, and, with the exception of a tour in Europe, in 1875 has since led a life of retirement at his home in Ann Arbor. I n 1877 the University of Michigan conferred upon h i m t h e degree o f L L . D . F o r many years he was one of the Regents o f Michigan University, and in the spring of i870 was appointed Tappan Professor of Law in the same. M r . Felch is the oldest surviving member of the Legislature from Monroe Co., the oldest and only surviving Bank Com- 275 of these townships were supplied with good libra- missioner of the State, the oldest surviving Auditor ries, containing an aggregate of 37.000 volumes. General of the State, the oldest surviving Governor of At the close of his Senatorial term, in March, 1853, the State, the oldest surviving Judge o f the Supreme Mr. Fetch was appointed, by President Pierce, one of Court of Michigan, and the oldest surviving United the Commissioners to adjust and settle the Spanish States Senator from the State o f Michigan. -'011r 4:110-10--.41 ��4 , _,.........., W I L L I A M L. GREENLY. 41-4ThIX-141E4-1,-- - . . — o n a . - - - . 0 . - " g 4 P 4 , - ' . - - - 4 1 i - t ; E - 4 0 . • I L LIAM L . G R E E N L Y, Governor o f Michigan for the year 1847, was born at Hamilton, Madison Co., N. Y., Sept. 18,1813. H e graduated at U n ion College, Schenectady, i n 1831, studied law and was admitted to the bar i n 1834. I n 1836, having removed to Michigan, he settled in Adrian, where he has since resided. T h e year following his arrival in Michigan lie was elected State Senator and served in that capacity until 1839. In 1845 he was elected Lieut. Governor and became acting Governor by the resignation o f Gov Fetch, who was elected t o t h e United States Senate. The war with Mexico was brought to a successful termination during Gov. Greenly's administration. W e regret to say that there are only few records extant of the action o f Michigan troops in the Mexican war. T h a t many went there and fought well are points conc2ded h i l t their names and nativity are hidden away in United States archives and where i t is almost impossible to find them. The soldiers o f this State deserve much o f the credit of the memorable achievements of Co. K , 3d Dragoons, and Cos. A, E, and G o f the U . S. I n f . The two former of these companies, recruited in this State, were reduced to one-third their original number. In May, 1846,the Governor of Michigan was notified by the War Department of the United States to enroll a regiment of volunteers, to be held in readiness for service whenever demanded. A t his summons t 3 independent volunteer companies, I I of infantry and two of cavalry, at once fell into line. O f the infantry four companies were from Detroit, bearing the honored names o f Montgomery, Lafayette, Scott and Brady upon their banners. O f the remainder Monroe tendered two, Lenawee County three. St. Clair, Berrien and Hillsdale each one, and Wayne County an additional company. O f these alone the veteran Bradys were accepted and ordered into service. I n addition to them ten companies, making the First Regiment o f Michigan Volunteers, springing from various parts of the State, but embodying to a great degree the material of which the first volunteers was formed, were not called for until October following. T h i s regiment was soon in readiness and proceeded by orders from Government to the seat of war. 4. 4 I ��%Gd.-2.1,a..‹,—.--2--7.•-, . N I = L �GU VERNO RS. shone forth so prominently in his acts as Governor. He held the office of Regent of the Michigan University several times, and ever advocated a liberal policy in its management. Subsequently h e was appointed receiver of the land office in one of the districts in Kansas, by Preslegiate education, sttidted law, ident Buchanan, to which State he had removed, and and was admitted t o the bar. where he died before the expiration o f his term of office. Removing t o Michigan about We sum up the events and affairs of the State unthe time of its admission to the der Gov. Ransom's administration as follows: T h e Union, he took up his residence Asylum for the Insane was establised, as also the Asylum for the Deaf, Dumb and Blind. B o t h of at Kalamazoo. these institutes were liberal]) endowed with lands, Mr. Ransom served with marked and each of them placed in charge of a board of five ability for a number of years in the trustees. T h e appropriation in 1849 for the deaf and State Legislature. and in '837 he was appointed As- dumb and blind amounted to 1/8r,soo. O n the first sociate Justice of the Supreme Court. h i 1843 he of March, 1848, the first telegraph line was comwas promoted to Chief Justice. cable h office he re• pleted from New York to Detroit, and the first distained until 1845. when he resigned. patch transmitted on that day. T h e following figures show the progress in agriculture : T h e land reported Shortly therwards he became deeply interested in as under cultivation in 1848 was 1,437,460 acres; of the building of plank roads in the western portion of the State, and in this business lost the greater portion wheat there were produced 4.749,300 bushels; other of the property which he had accumulated by years grains, 8,197,767 bushels; wool, 1,645,756 pounds; maple sugar, 1,774,369 pounds; horses, 52,305; catof toil and industry. tle, 210,268; swine, 152,541; sheep, 610,534: while Mr. Ransom became Governor of the State of Michigan in the fall of 1847. arid served during one the flour mills numbered 228, and the lumber mills amounted to 73o. 1847. an act was passed removing term, performing the duties of the office in a truly statesmanlike manner. H e subsequently became the Legislature front Detroit to Lansing, and temporary buildings for the use of the Legislature were imPresident of the Michigan Agricultural Society. in mediately erected, at a cost of $12,450. ••• t h e same ability that HE H O N . E PA P H R O D I TUS RANSOM, the Seventh Governor of Michigan, was a native of Massachusetts. I n • t h a t State he received a col- 111 4. ��4 GO VER.% 011.'S OF . 111 C H I G 4 N . 129 ) 0 —.-....c-r.. ______—s-isrt-Otal___. — -.4i"" t r y - r t - N a i r i.e t-rv-ir-,--,-..-i- vl.- vv..- •r-.i.rri- v-r-tr -4-s-tr -v-rv-v-ssrTV-,-"i ..::44- A t ' ., ...,, -,.... ,-.1-:41i.- g a n i t i T N a t t e i g t 1 4 0 11 1/1*--..'-"---'21 \\V`• 1 4 4 . 11 4 . 4 1 i t a i t a v t e t u a t a a r a v a v 4 . 11 4 . 4 4 , 4 4 4 . 4 . 11 . 4 . 0 . 4 . * - t k a t a r t . t . . . . . t , 1 P c " ' " t e l l V a i p c j i f O B E R T M c CLELLAN I ), Governor o f Michigan front Jan. 1,1852, to March 8,1853, was born at Greencastle, Franklin Co., Penn., Aug. 1, 18o7. Among his ancestors were several officers of rank in the Revolutionary war, and some of his family connections were distinguished in the war of r Ss z, and that with Mexico. His father was an eminent physician and surgeon who studied under Dr. Benj. Rush, o f Philadelphia, and practiced his profession successfully until six months before his death, at 1 t h e age of 8 4 years. Although Mr. McClelland's family had b e e n i n g _mod circumstances, when he was 17 years old he was thrown upon his own resources. A f t e r taking the usual preliminary studies, and teaching school to obtain the means, he entered Dickinson College, at Carlisle, Penn., from which he graduated among the first in his class, in Olin. H e then resumed teaching, and having completed the course of study for the legal profession, was admitted 'o the bar at Charabersburg, Penn., in i l l y. Soon afterward he removed to the city of Pittsburgh, where he pia, 'iced for almost a year. In 1833. Mr. McClellard removed to Monroe, in -411Itvv• the Territory of Michigan, where, after a severe examination, he became a member of the bar of Michigan, and engaged in practice with bright prospect of success. I n 1835, a convention was called to frame a constitution for the proposed State of Michigan, of which Mr. McClelland was elected a member. H e took a prominent part in its deliberations and ranked among its ablest debaters. H e was appointed the first Bank Commissioner of the State, by Gov. Mason, and received an offer of the Attorney Generalship, but declined both of these offices in order to attend to his professional duties. In 1838, Mr. McClelland was elected to the State Legislature, in which he soon became distinguished as the head of several important committees, Speaker pro tempore, and as an active, zealous and efficient member. I n 184o, Gen. Harrison, as a candidate for the Presidency, swept the country with an overwhelming majority, and at the sante time the State of Michigan was carried by the Whigs under the popular cry of " Woodbridge and reform " against the Democratic party. A t this time Mr. McClelland stood among the acknowledged leaders of the latter organization; was elected a member of the State House of Representatives, and with others adopted a plan to regain a lost authority and prestige. This party soon came again into power in the State, and having been returned to the State Legislature Mr. McClelland's leadership was acknowledged by his . 1 election as Speaker of the House of RepresentAiives I F ) 1 0 • 1 1 -"Ile. ��I �11_ �•11P-15-0441 GOVERNORS O F . 1 / / C H I G A N . i : - : ' X & + M 6 , A 1 - W : : : . * . = 133 * r a t e l ) n o 4 ' t n t r # and accompanied their father and others t o New England about 1630. Samuel Parsons, born at Salisbury, Mass., in 17v7, graduated at Harvard College in 1730, ordained ill Rye, N. H., Nov. 3, 1736, married Mary Jones, daughter of Samuel Jones, of Bostor, Oct. 9. 1739, died Jan. 4, 1789, at the age of 82, in the 53rd year of his ministry. The grandfather of Mary Jones was Capt. John Adams,of Boston, grandson of Henry, of Braintree, who was among the first settlers of Massachusetts, and from whom a numerous race of the name are descended, including two Presidents of the United States. T h e Parsons have become very numerous and are found throughout New England. and many of the descedants are scattered in all parts of the United States, and especially in the Middle and ‘Vestern States. Governor Andrew Parsons came to Michigan in 1835, at the age of 17 years, and spent the first summer at Lower Ann Arbor, where for a few months he taught school which he was compelled to abandon from ill health He was one of the large number of men of sterling Viscount: a n d m o r e lately E a r l , o f R o s , " worth, who came from the East to Michigan when it The following are descendants of these was an infant State, or, even prior to its assuming s i r J o h n P a l - N ( 111 ' i , b o r n 1 4 8 1 , M a i M a y o r a l H e r e f o r d : Robert Parson,, born in t546, lived near Bridgewater, the dignity of a State, and who, by their wisdom, England. H e wa.., educated at R A W College, Ox- enterprise and energy, have developed its wonderful natural resources, until to-day it ranks with the proudford, and was a noted writer and defender ut the est States of the Union. These brave men came to Romesh faith. H e established art English College at Rome and another at Valladolia. Frances Parsons, Michigan with nothing to aid them in the conquest born in 1556, was Vicar of Rothwell, in Notingham; of the wilderness save courageous hearts and strong a n d willing hands. T h e y gloriously conquered, howHarthokirnew Parsons. horn in 1618, was anther N I / R E ‘ t l ' A R S O N S , t i o v e r - nor of Michigan from March 8, 1853 to Jan. 3, 1855, was born in the town of Hoosick. County o f Rensselaer, and State of New fork, on the 22d day of July, 1817, and died June 6, .855, at the early age o f 3 8 years. H e was the sun o f John Parsons, Horn a t Newburyport, Class.. Oct. 2, 1782, and who was the ,onof Andrew Parsons, a Revolutionary ;;) soldier, who was the son of Phineas Parsons, the son of Samuel Parsons, a descendant of Walter Parsons, horn in Ireland in 1290. of this name and family, some one hundred and thirty years ago, Bishop Gilson remarked in his edition of Camden's Britannia: " T h e honorable family of Parsons have been advanced to the dignity of noted m e m b e r of the family I n 1 6 ; t , r horn.' s P a r s o n s was knighted by Charles t l o s e ! a n d Rental lllll ',r 4hero, were horn in Great rtarington, England. ever, a n d to t h e m 1 . H • I P h e -,..r I . r 111.- I ri.r r .ifl nobly performed. 1,“ t h - .1)11r1 A t t t i c a r e h o u n d •• which they laid o f a great Commonwealth. + �134 A N D R E W PA R S O N S •1 by threats, and in a short letter to the people, after In the fall of 1835, he explored the Grand River giving overwhelming reasons that no sensible man Valley in a frail canoe, the whole length of the river, from Jackson to Lake Michigan,and spent the following could dispute, showing the circumstances were not "extraordinary," he refused to call the extra session. winter as clerk in a store at Prairie Creek, in Ionia, County, and in the spring went to Marshall, where he This brought down the wrath of various parties upon resided with his brother, the Hon. Luke H. Parsons, also now deceased, until fall, when he went to ShiaasseCounty,then with Clinton County, and an almost unbroken wilderness and constituting one organized township. I n 1837 this territory was organized into a county and, at the age of only t o years, he (Andrew) was elected County Clerk. I n 1840, he was elected Register of Deeds, re-elected in 1842, and also in 1844. I n 1846, he was elected to the State Senate, was appointed Prosecuting Attorney in 1848, and elected Regent of the University in 1851, and Lieutenant Governor, and became acting Governor, in 1853, elected again to the Legislature in 1854, and, overcome by debilitated health, hard labor and the responsibilities of his office and cares of his business, retired to his farm, where he died soon after. He was a fluent and persuasive speaker and well calculated to make friends of his acquantances. H e was always true to his trust, and the whole world could not persuade nor drive him to do what he conceived to be wrong. W h e n Governor, a most powerful railroad influence was brought to bear upon him, to induce him to call an extra session of the Legislature. Meetings were held in all parts o f the State for that purpose. I n sonic sections the resolutions were of a laudatory nature, intending to make him do their bidding by resort to friendly and flattering words. In other places the resolutions were of a demanding nature, while in others they were threatening beyond measure. Fearing that all these influences might fail to induce him to call the extra session, a large sum of money was sent him, and liberal offers tendered him if lie would gratify the railroad interest of the State and call the extra session, but, immovable, he returned the money and refused t o receive any favors, whether from any patty who would attempt to corrupt him by laudations, liberal offers, or his head, but they were soon forced to acknowledge the wisdom and the justice of his course. O n e o f his greatest enemies said, after a long acquaintance: "though not always coinciding with his views I never doubted his honesty o f purpose. H e a t all times sought to perform his duties i n strict accordance, with the dictates of his conscience, and the behests of his oath." The following eulogium from a olitcaloplx/nentt is just in its conception and creditable to its author: " G o v. Parsons was a politician of the Democratic school, a man of pure moral character, fixed and exemplary habits, and entirely blameless in every public and private relation of life. A s a politician he was candid, frank and free front bitterness, as an executive officer firm, constant and reliable." T h e highest commendations we can pay the deceased is to give his just record,—that of being an honest man. In the spring of 1854, during the administration of Governor Parsons, the Republican party, at least as a State organization, was first formed in the United States " under the oaks" at Jackson, by anti-slavery men of both the old parties. Great excitement prevailed a t this time, occasioned by the settling o f Kansas, and the issue thereby brought up, whether slavery should exist there. For the purposeof permitting slavery there, the " Missouri compromise " (which limited slavery t o the south o f 36° so") was rerepealed, under the leadership of Stephen A, Douglas. l'his was repealed by a bill admitting Kansas and Nebraska into the Union, as Territories, and those wh., were opposed to this repeal measure were i n short called " anti-Nebraska" men. T h e epithets, " N e braska" and " anti-Nebraska,' were temporally employed t o designate the slavery a n d a n t i -slavery parties, pending the &solution of the old Democratic and Whig parties and the organization o f the new Democratic and Republican parties of the present. —409 ��I �GOVERNORS O F A t / C H / G A N . 137 All& 1 t ' ' . 1 i ' - - s a - : . - 11 . ! V r : . , i , : i l i e - , . A . r • - i ' i ' V e V i r - W a i r 4 Va 1 Z W - a • 6 ' ' ' - a . i . - d , , I KINSLEY S . GINGHAM. I INSLEY S . B I N G H A M , Governor o f Michigan from 1855 t o 1859, a n d United States Senator, was born i n Camillus. Onondaga County, N. Y., Dec. r 6 , 18o8. ' H i s ' father was a fanner, and his own early life was consequently d e voted to agricultural pursuits, but notwithstanding t h e disadvantages related to the acquisition '4 o f knowledge in the life of a farmer he managed to secure a good academic education in his native State and studied law i n the office o f Gen. James R. Lawrence, now o f S-;racuse, N. Y. I n the spring of 1833. he married an estimable lady who had recently arrived from Scotland, and obeying the impulse of a (-1;) naturally enterprising disposition. tn. he emigrated t o Michigan a n d purchased a new farm in company with his brother-in-law, Mr. Rohert Worden, in Green Oak, Livingston County. H e r e . on „the bottler of civilisation, buried in the primeval forest. our late student commenced the ardeous task of preparing a future home, clearing and fencing, puttine Alt buildings, etc., at so, h r a t e that the land chosen was soon reduced to a high state of cultivation. Becoming deservedly prominent, Mr. Bingham was elected to the office of Justice of the Peace and Postmaster under the Territorial government, and was the first Probate Judge in the county. I n the year 1836, when Michigan became a State, he was elected to the first Legislature. H e was four times re-elected, and Speaker of the House of Representatives three years. In 1846 he was elected on the Democratic ticket, Representative to Congress, and was the only practical farmer in that body. H e was never forgetful o f the interest of agriculture, and was in particular opposed to the introduction of " Wood's Patent Cast lion Plow " which he completely prevented. H e was reelected to Congress in 1848, during which time he strongly opposed the extension o f slavery in the territory of the United States and was committed to and voted for the ‘Vilmot Proviso. In 1854, at the first organization of the Republican party, in consequence of his record in Congress as a Free Soil Democrat, Mr. Bingham was nominated and elected Governor of the State, and re-elected in 1856. S t i l l faithful to the memory of his own former occupation, he did not forget the fanners during his administration, and among other profits of his teal in their behalf, he became mainly instrumental in the establishment of the Agricultural College at Lansing. In 1859, Governor Bingham was elected Senator in Congress and took an arrive part in the stormy campaign iii the election of Abraham Lincoln. H e wit- iJ 4111k �138 K I N S L E I' S. B I N G H . f i . V. nessed the commencement of the civil war while a member of the United States Senate. A f t e r a comparatively short life of remarkable promise and public activity he was attacked with appoplexy and died suddenly at his residence, in Green Oak, Oct. 5, 1861. The most noticable event in Governor Bingham's first term was the completion of the ship canal, at the Falls of St. Mary. I n i85z, August 26, ar. act o f Congress was approved, granting to the State of Michigan seven hundred and fifty thousand acres of land for the purpose of constructing a ship canal between Lakes Huron and Superior. I n 1853, the Legislature accepted the grant, and provided for the appointment of commissioners to select the donated lands, and to arrange for building the canal. A company of enterprising men was formed, and a contract was entered into by which it was arranged that the canal should be finished in two years, and the work was pushed rapidly forward. E v e r y article of consumption, machinery, working implements and materials, timber for the gates, stones for the locks, as well as men and supplies, had to be transported to the site of the canal from Detroit, Cleveland, and other lake ports. T h e rapids which had to be surmounted have a fall o f seventeen feet and are about one mile long. T h e length of the canal is less than one mile, its width one hundred feet, depth twelve feet and it has two locks of solid masonary. I n May, 1855, the work was completed, accepted by the commissioners, and formally delivered to the State authorities. The disbursements on account of the construction of the canal and selecting the lands amounted to one million of dollars; while the lands which were assigned to the company, and selected through the agency at the Sault, as well as certain lands in the Upper and Lower Peninsulas, filled to an acre the Government grant. T h e opening of the canal was an important event in the history of the improvement of the State. I t was a valuable link in the chain of lake commerce, and particularly important to the interests of the Upper Peninsula. There were several educational, charitable and reformatory institutions inaugurated and opened during Gov. Bingham's administrations. T h e Michigan Agricultural College owes its establishment to a provision of the State Constitution of 1850. Article 1 3 says, " The Legislature shall, as soon as practicable, provide for the establishment of an agricultural school." For the purpose of carying into practice this provision, legislation was commenced in 1855, and the act required that the school should be within ten miles o f Lansing, and that not more than Si 5 an acre should be paid for the farm and college grounds. T h e college was opened to students in May, 1857, the first of existing argricultural colleges in the United States Until the spring of 186e, it was under the control of the State Board of Education; since that time i t has been under the management of the State Board of Agriculture, which was created for that purpose. In its essential features, of combining study and labor, and of uniting general and professional studies in its course, the college has remained virtually unchanged from the first. I t has a steady growth i n number o f students, i n means o f illustration and efficiency of instruction. The Agricultural College is three miles cast o f Lansing, comprising several fine buildings; and there are also very beautiful, substantial residences for the professors. T h e r e are also an extensive, well-filled green-house, a very large and well-equipped chemical laboratory, one of the most scientific apiaries in the United States, a general museum, a meseurn of mechanical inventions, another of vegetable products, extensive barns, piggeries, etc., etc., in fine trim for the purposes designed. T h e farm consists o f 676 acres, of which about 30o are under cultivation in a systematic rotation of crops. Adrian College was established by the Wesleyan Methodists in 1859, now under the control o f the Methodist Church. T h e grounds contain about zo acres. T h e r e arc four buildings, capable of accommodating about 225 students. Attendance in i875 was 179; total number of graduates for previous year, 121 ; ten professors and teachers are employed. E x clusive of the endowment fund ($8o,000), the assets of the institution, including grounds, buildings, furniture, apparatus, musical instruments, outlying lands, etc., amount to more than $137,000. Hillsdale College was established in 1855 b y the Free Baptists. T h e Michigan Central College, at Spring Arbor, was incorporated in :845 I t was kept in operation until it was merged into the present Hillsdale College. T h e site comprises 25 acres. beautifully situated on an eminence in the western part of the city of Hillsdale. T h e large and imposing building first erected was nearly destroyed by fire in 1874, and in its place five buildings o f a more modern style have been erected. T h e y are of brick, three stories with basement, arranged on three sides of a quadrangle. T h e sire is, respectively, So by 80. 48 by 7 2, 48 by 7z, 8o by 6o, 5 2 by 7 2, and they contain one-half more room than the original building. The State Reform School. T h i s was established at Lansing in 1855, in the northeastern portion of the city, as the House of Correction for Juvenile O f fenders, having about it many of the features of a prison. I n 1859 the name was changed to the State Reform School. The government and dicipline. have undergone many and radical changes, until a l l the prison features have been removed except those that remain in the walls of the original structure, and which remain only as monuments of instructive his-. tory. N o bolts, bars or guards are employed. T h e inmates are necessarily kept under the surveillance of officers, but the attempts at escape are much fewer than under the more rigid regitow, of former days. ��wd-�J 1 �4 GOVERNORS O F M I C H I G A N . OSES WISNER. Governor of Michigan from r859 to v861. was born in Springpurt. Cayuga Co., N V. , June 3, 1815. His early education was only what could be obtained a t a common school. Agricultural labor and frugality of his parents gave him a physical constitution of unusual strength and endurance, which was ever preserved by temperate habits. I n 1837 he emigrated to Michi1,,r, gan and purchased a farm in Lapeer ifP County I t was new land and be at once set to work to clear it and plant crops. H e labored diligently at his task for two years. when he gave up the idea of neing a farmer, and removed to Pontiac, Oakland Co. H e r e he commenced the study of law in the office of his brother, George W. Wisner. and Rufus Hosmer I n t84t he was admitted to tin liar and established himself in his new vocation at the village of Lapeer. W h i l e there he was apppointed by Gov. Woodbridge Prosecuting Attorney fin that county, in which capacity he acquitted himself well and gave promise of that eminence he afterward attained in the profession. H e remained at Lapeer bilt a short time, removing to Pontiac, where he became a member of a firm a n d entered fully upon the practice. In politics he was like his talented brother, a Whig ri!" the Henry Clay stamp, but with a derided antislavery bias. H i s practice becoming extensive, he 141 took little part in politics until after the election of Mr. Pierce to the Presidency in 1852, when he took an active part against slavery. A s a lawyer he was a man of great ability, but relied less upon mere book learning than upon his native good sense. Liberal and courteous, was he yet devoted to the interest of his client, and no facts escaped his attention or his memory which bore upon the case. H e was no friend of trickery or artifice in conducting a case A s an advocate he had few equals. W h e n fully aroused by the merits of his subject his eloquence was at once graceful and powerful. H i s fancies supplied the most original, the most pointed illustrations, and his logic became a battling giant under whose heavy blows the adversary shrank and withered. Nature had bestowed upon him rare qualities, and his powers as a popular orator were of a high order. On the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act o f 1854, repealing the Missouri compromise and opening the Territories to slavery, he was among the foremost in Michigan to denounce the shamful scheme. H e a, tively participated in organating and consolidatine the elements opposed to it in that State, and was a member of the popular gathering at Jackson, in July, 1854, which was the first formal Republican Convention held in the United States. A t this meeting the name " Republican" was adopted as a designation of the new party consisting o f A n t i -slavery, Whigs, Liberty men, Free Soil Democrats and all others opposed to the extension of slavery and favorable to its expulsion from the Territories and the District o f Columbia. A t this convention Mr. W. was urged to accept the nomination for Attorney General of the �14a MOSES W I S N E R . Camp Wallace. H e had at the breaking out of the war turned his attention to military studies and became proficient in the ordinary rules and discipline. His entire attention was now devoted to his duties. His treatment of his men was kind, though his discipline was rigid. H e possessed in an eminent degree the spirit of command, and had h e lived he would no doubt have distinguished himself a s a good officer. H e was impatient of delay and chafed at being kept in Kentucky where there was so little prospect of getting at the enemy. B u t life in camp, so different from the one he had been leading, and his incessant labors, coupled with that impatience which was so natural and so general among the volunteers in the early part of the war, soon made their influence felt upon his health. H e was seized with typhoid fever and removed to a private house near Lexington. E v e r y care which medical skill or the hand of friendship could bestow was rendered him. In the delirious wanderings of his mind lie was disciplining his men and urging them to be prepared for an encounter with the enemy, enlarging upon the justice of their cause and the necessity of their crushing the Rebellion. B u t the source of his most poignant greet was the prospect of not being able to come to a hand-to-hand encounter with t h e "chivalry He was Proud of his regiment. and felt that if it could find the enemy i t would cover itself with glory,—a distinction it afterward obtained, but not until Col W. was no more. T h e malady baffled all medical treatHis term having expired Jan. r, t861, he returned ment, and on the 5th day of Jan., 1863, he breathed his last. H i s remains were removed to Michigan and to his home in Pontiac, and to the practice of his interred in the cemetery at Pontiac, where they rest profession. There were those i n t h e State who counselled the sending of delegates to the peace con- by the side of the brave Gen. Richardson, who reference at Washington. hurt Mr. W. was opposed to all ceived his mortal wound at the battle of Antietam. such temporizing expedients. H i s counsel was to Col. W. was no adventurer, although he was doubtless ambitious of military renown and would have striven send no delegate, but to prepare to fight. After Congress had met and passed the necessary for it with characteristic energy. H e went to the war to defend and uphold the principles he had so much legislation he resolsed to take part in the war. I n at heart. F e w men were more familiar than he with the spring and summer of t862 he set to work t o the causes and the underlying principles that led to raise a regiment o f infantry, chiefly in Oakland the contest. H e left a wife, who was a daughter of County, where he resided. H i s regiment, the 22d Gen. C. C. Hascall, o f Flint, and four children t o Michigan, was armed and equipped and ready to march in September, a regiment whose solid quali- mourn his loss. Toward them he ever showed the tenderest regard. N e x t to his duty their love and ties were afterwards proven on many a bloody field. Col. W's. commission bore the date of Sept. 8, 1862. welfare engrossed his thoughts. H e was kind. genBefore parting with his family he made his still. H i s emus and brave, and like thousands o f otneis h e regiment was sent to Kentucky and quartered a t sleeps the sleep of the martyr for his costritni State, but declined. A n entire State ticket was nominated and at the annual election in November was elected by an average majority o f nearly ro,000. Mr. W. was enthusiastic in the cause and brought to its support all his personal influence and talents. I n his views he was bold and radical. H e believed from the beginning that the political power of the slaveholders would have to be overthrown before quiet could be secured to the country. I n the Presidential canvass of 1856 he supported the Fremont, or R e publican, ticket. A t the session of the Legislature of 1857 he was a candidate for United States Senator, and as such received a very handsome support. In 1858, he was nominated for Governor of the State by the Republican convention that met at Detroit, and at the subsequent November election was chosen by a very large majority. Before the day of the election he had addressed the people of almost every county and his majority was greater even than that of his popular predecessor, Hun. K. S. Bingham. He served as Governor two years, from Jan. r, t859, to Jan. t, 1861. H i s first message to the Legislature was an able and statesman-like production, and was read with usual favor. I t showed that he was awake to all the interests of the State and set forth an enlightened State policy, that had its view of the rapid settlement of our uncultivated lands and the development of our immense agricultural and mineral resources. I t was a document that reflected the highest credit upon the author. ( It ��J 4 < .,v �arr"---01‹ r 1 AuscrIN I' VV't 1 i 4-s-Ts•rr'erres-ri-V ' s 4j 44-4,44-4.46441.44444.44.4444.4.44.4-t.t44.4 FIL'S"P" USTIN B L A I R , Governor of Michigan from Jan. z , 1861, t o Jan. 4, .865, a n d kown as the %Vat. Governor, is and illustration o f the benificent influence of republican i n stitutions, having inherited neither fortune nor fame. H e was born in a log cabin at Caroline, Tompkins Co., N. V. , Feb. 8 , 1818. His ancestors came from Scotland in the time of George Land for many generations followed the pursuit of agriculture. H i s father, I G e o r g e Blair. settled in Tompkins County in !Roo, and felled the trees and erected the first cabin in the county. T h e last 6o of the fourscore years of his life were spent on that spot. H e marred Rhoda Beackman, who now sleeps with him In the soil of the old homestead. T h e first 17 years of Mr. Blair's life were spent there, rendering his father what aid he could upon the farm. H e then spent a year and a half in Caaenovia Seminary preparing for college; entered Hamilton College, in Clinton, prosecuted his studies until the middle o f the junior year, when, attracted by the fame of D r. Non, he changed to Union College, from which h e graduated in the class of 1839. U p o n leaving college Mr. Blair read law two years in the office of Sweet & Davis, Oswego, N. V., and wasadmitted to practice in 1841, and the same year moved to Michigan, locat- ing in Jackson. D u r i n g a temporary residence i n Eaton Rapids, in 1842, he was elected Clerkof Eaton County. A t the close of the official term he returned to Jackson, and as a Whig, zealously espoused the cause of Henry Clay in the campaign 0(1844. He was chosen Representative to the Legislature in 1845, at which session, as a member of the Judiciary Committee, he rendered valuable service in the revision of the general statutes ; also made an able support in favor of abolishing the color distinction in relation to the elective franchise, and at the same session was active i n securing the abolition of capital punishment. I n .848 Mr. Blair refused longer to affiliate with the Whig party, because of its refusial to endorse in convention any anti-slavery sentiment. H e joined the Free-soil movement, and was a delegate to their convention which nominated Van Buren for President that year Upon the birth of the Republican party at Jackson, in .854, by the coalition o f the Whig and Free-soil elements. Mr. Blair was i n full sympathy with t h e movement, and acted as a member of the Committee on Platform. H e was elected Proseclting Attorney of Jackson County in 1852 ; was chosen State Senator two years later, taking his seat with the incoming Republican administration o f 1855, and holding the position of parliamentary leader in the Senate. H e was a delegate to the National Convention which nominated Abraham Lincoln in 186o. M r , Blair was elected Governor of Michigan in 186o, and reelected in t862, faithfully and honorably discharging the arduous duties of the office during that most mo- �146 A U S T I N inentous and stormy period of the Nation's life. Gov. Blair possessed a clear comprehension of the perilous situation from the inception of the Rebellion, and his inaugural address foreshadowed the prompt executive policy and the administrative ability which characterized h i s gubernatorial career. Never perhaps in the history o f a nation has a brighter example been laid down, or a greater sacrifice been made, than that which distinguished Michigan during the civil war. A l l , from the "War Governor." down to the poorest citizen of the State, were animated with a patriotic ardor at once niagnificiently sublime and wisely directed. Very early in 186t the coming struggle cast i t s shadow over the Nation. Governor Blair, in his message to the Legislature in January of that year, dwelt very forcibly upon the sad prospects of civil war; and as forcibly pledged the State to support the principles of the Republic. A f t e r a review of the conditions of the State, he passed on to a consideration o f the relations between the free and slave Stales o f the Republic, saying: " While we are citizensof the State of Michigan. and as such deeply devoted t o her interests and honor, we have a still prouder title. W e are also citizens of the United States of America. By this title we are known among the nations of the earth. In remote quarters of the globe, where the names of the States are unknown, the flag of the great Republic, the banner of the stars and stripes, honor and protect her citizens. I n whatever concerns the honor, the prosperity and the perpetuity o f this great Government, we are deeply interested. The people of Michigan are loyal to that Government—faithful to its constitution and its laws. U n d e r it they have had peace and prosperity; and under it they mean to abide t o the end. Feeling a just pride in the glorious historyof the past, they will not renounce the equally glorious hopes of the future. B u t they will rally around the standards of the Nation and defend its integrity and its constitution, with fidelity." T h e final paragraph being: I recommend you at an early day to make mani- BLAIR. fest to the gentlemen who represent this State in the two Houses of Congress, and t o the country, that Michigan is loyal to the Union, the Constitution, and the laws and will defend them to the uttermost a n d to proffer to the President o f the United States, the whole military power of the State for that purpose. Oh, for the firm, steady hand of a Washington, or a Jackson, to guide the ship of State in this perilous storm ! L e t us hope that we will find him on the 4th of March. Meantime, let us abide in the faith of our fathers—' Liberty and Union, one and inseparable, now and forever.' How this stirring appeal was responded to l t h e people of Michigan will be seen b y the statement that the State furnished 88,1 / I men during the war. Money, men, clothing and food were freely and abundantly supplied by this State during all these years of darkness and blood shed. N o State won a brighter record for her devotion to our country than the Peninsula State, and to Gov. Blair, more than t o any other individual is due the credit for its untiring zeal and labors in the Nation's behalf, and for the heroism manifested in its defense. Gov. Blair was elected Representative t o t h e Fortieth Congress. and twice re-elected, to the Fortyfirst and Forty-second Congress, from the Third Dis trict of Michigan. W h i l e a member of that body he was a strong supporter of reconstruction measures. aid sternly opposed every form o f repudiation. H i s speech upon the national finances. delivered on the floor of the House March at, 1868, was a clear and convincing argument. Since his retirement from Congress, NIL Blair has been busily occupied with his extensive l a w practice. M r . Blair warned Sarah L Ford, of Seneca County N. V. , i n February. 184g. Their family consists o f 4 sons—George H.. a l a w partner of A. J. Gould; Charles A., a law partner wish hir father, and Fred. J. and Austin T. Blair, at home. Governor Blair's religion i s o f the broad type, and centers in the "Golden Rule." I n 1883, Gov. Blair was nominated f o r Justice o f the Supreme Co in • of the State by the Republican party, hut was defeated. �A �3 ✓,�.��-- �GOVERNORS O F M I C H I G A N . 1 4 9 wr_jisrRy I . CRAPO.. ENRY HOWLAND CRAPO, governor o f Michigan from 1865 to 1869, was born May 24, 1804, at Dartmouth, Bristol Co., Mass., and died a t Flint, Mich., July 2 2, 1869. He was the eldest son of Jesse and Phrebe (Howland) Crapo. Hi- father was of French descent and was very poor, sustaining his family by the cultivation of a farm in Dartmouth township, which yielded nothing beyond a mere livelihood. His early life was consequently one of toil and devoid of advantages for intellectual culture, but his desire for an education seemed to know no bounds. T h e i n cessant toil for a mere subsistence upon a comparatively sterile farm, had no charm for him ; and, longing for greater usefulness and better things, he looked for them in an education. H i s struggles to secure this end necessitated sacrifices and hardships that would have discouraged any but the most courageous and persevering, H e became a n ardent student and worker from his boyhood, though the means of carrying on his studies were exceedingly limited. H e sorely felt the need of a dictionary; and, neither having money wherewith to purchase it, nor being able to procure one in his neighborhood, he set out to compile one for himself. I n order to acquire a knowledge of the English language, he copied into a book every word whose meaning he did not comprehend, and k upon meeting the same word again in the newspapers and books, which came into his hands, from the 4111.-111-.484 context, would then record the definition. Whenever unable otherwise to obtain the signification of a word in which he had become interested he would walk from Dartmouth t o New Bedford for that purpose alone, and after referring to the books at the library and satisfying himself thoroughly as to its definition, would walk back, a distance of about seven miles, the same night. T h i s was no unusual circumstance. Under such difficulties and in this manner he compiled quite an extensive dictionary i n manuscript which is believed to be still in existence. Ever in pursuit of knowledge, he obtained possession of a book upon surveying, and applying himself diligently to its study became familiar with this art, which he soon had an opportunity to practice. T h e services of a land surveyor were wanted, and he was called upon, but had no compass and no money with which to purchase one. A compass, however, he must and would have, and going to a blacksmith shop near at hand, upon the forge, with such tools as he could find in the shop, while the smith was at dinner, he constructed the compass and commenced life as a surveyor. Still continuing his studies, he fitted himself for teaching, and took charge of the village school at Dartmouth. When, in the course of time and under the pressure of law, a high school was to be opened, he passed a successful examination for its principalship and received the appointment. T o do this was no small task. T h e law required a rigid examination in various subjects, which necessitated days and nights of study. O n e evening, after concluding his day's labor of teaching, he traveled on foot to New Bedford, some seven or eight miles, called upon the preceptor of Friend's Academy and passed ��i �S. CO l'ERNORS O F i f IC/1/CA t,3 it„/ -.2.2.‘Lasig-we„&ift , HENRY P. B A L D W I N . + . 4 2 A 2 ) 1 1 g r We e t r A t i v, 4 ENRY P. BALDWIN, Governor of Michigan from Jan. 4, 1869, to Jan. r, 1873, is a lineal descendant of Nathaniel Baldwin, a Puritan, of Buckinghamshire, England, who settled at Milford, Conn., in 1639. His father was John Baldwin, a graduate o f Dartmouth College. H e died at North Providence, R . I . , i n 1826. H i s paternal grandfather was Rev. Moses Baldwin, a graduate o f Princeton College, in :757, and the first who received collegiate h o n ors at that ancient and honored institution. H e died at Parma, Mass., in 1813. where for more than 5o years he had been pastor of the Presbyterian Church. On his mother's side Governor B. is descended from Robert Williams, also a Puritan, who settled in Roxbury. Mass., about 1638. H i s mother was a daughter of Rev. Nehemiah Williams, a graduate of Harvard College, who died at Brimfield, Mass., in 1796, where for 21 years he was pastor of the Congregationalist Church. T h e subject o f this sketch was born a t Coventry, R. I., Feb. 22, a 814. H e received a New England common-school education until the age o f 1I years, when, both hi. parents having died, lie beCAMe a clerk in a mercantile establishment. H e remained there, employing his leisure hours in study, until 2o years of age. At this early period Mr. B. engaged in business on his own account. H e made a visit to the West, in :837, which resulted in his removal to Detroit in the spring of r838. H e r e he established a mercantile house which has been successfully conducted until th.! present time Although he successfully conducted 40— IV-40. 4 ° 1 1 2 , k a large business, he has ever taken a deep interest in all things affecting the prosperity o f the city and State of his adoption. H e was for several years a Director and President of the Detroit Young Men's Society, an institution with a large library designed for the benefit of young men and citizens generally An Episcopalian i n religious belief, h e has been prominent in home matters connected with that denomination. T h e large and flourishing parish o f St. John, Detroit, originated with Governor Baldwin, who gave the lot on which the parish edifice stands, and also contributed the larger share of the cost o f their erection. Governor B. was one o f the foremost i n the establishment o f St. Luke's Hospital, and has always been a liberal contributor t o moral and religious enterprises whether connected w i t h h i s own Church or not. T h e r e have been, i n fact, b u t few public and social improvements of Detroit during the past 4o years with which Governor B.'s name is not in some way connected. H e was a director in the Michigan State Bank until the expiration of its charter, and has been President of the Second National Bank since its organization. In 186o, M r. Baldwin was elected t o the State Senate, of Michigan ; during the years of i861-'2 lie was made Chairman o f the Finance Committee, a member of Committee on Banks and Incorporations, Chairman of the Select Joint Committee o f the two Houses for the investigation of the Treasury Department and the official acts o f the Treasurer, and of the letting of the contract for the improvement o f Sault St. Marie Ship Canal. H e was first elected Governor in 1868 and was re-elected in 187o, serving from :869 to 1872, inclusive. I t is no undeserved eulogy to say that Governor B.'s happy faculty of estimating the necessary means to an end—the knowing of how much effort or attention to bestow upon the thing in hand, has been the secret o f the uniform �H E A R ) . P. B A L D WIN. success that has attended his efforts in all relations of life. T h e same industry and accuracy that distinguished him prior to this term as Governor was manifest in his career as the chief magistrate of the State, and while his influence appears i n a l l things wit% which he has had to do, it is more noticeable in the most prominent position to which he was called. With rare exceptions the important commendations of Governor B. received the sanction of the Legislature. D u r i n g his administration marked improvements were made in the charitable, penal and reformatory institutions of the State. The State Public School for dependent children was founded and a permanent commission for the supervision o f the several State institutions. The initiatory steps toward building the Eastern Asylum for the Insane, the State House o f Correction, and the establishment of the State Board of Health were recommended by Governor B. in his message of 1873. T h e new State Capitol also owes its origen to him. T h e appropriation for its erection was made upon his recommendation, and the contract for the entire work l e t under this administration. Governor B. also appointed the commissioners under whose faithful supervision the building was erected in a manner most satisfactory to the people of the State. He advised and earnestly urged at different times such amendments of the constitution as would permit a more equitable compensation to State officers and judges, The law of 1869, and prior also, permitting municipalities t o vote a i d toward t h e construction o f railroads was, i•t 187o, declared unconstittitionat by the Supreme Court. M a n y of the municipalities having in the meantime issued and sold their bonds i n good faith, Governor B fell that the honor and credit of the State were in jeopardy. H i s sense of justice impelled him to call an extra session of the Legislature to propose tile submission to the people a constitutional amendment, authorizing the payment of such bonds as were already in the hands o f lionafide holders. I n his special message lie says: " T h e credit of no State stands higher than that of Michigan, and the people can not afford, and I trust will not consent, to have her good name tarnished by the repudiation of either legal or moral obligations." A special session was called in March, ;872, principally for the division of the State into congressional districts. A number of other important suggestions were made, however, and as an evidence of the Governor's laborious and thoughtful care for the financial condition 4 of the State, a series of tables was prepared and submitted by him showing, in detail, estimates of receipts, expenditures and appropriations for the years 1872 to r 878, inclusive. Memorable of Governor B.'s administration were the devastating fires which swept over many portions of the Northwest in the fall of 1871. A large part of the city o f Chicago having been reduced to ashes, Governor B. promptly issued a proclamation calling upon the people o f Michigan for liberal aid in behalf of the afflicted city. Scarcely had this been issued when several counties in his State were laid waste by the same destroying element. A second call was made asking assistance for the suffering people o f Michigan. T h e contributions for these objects were prompt and most liberal, more than. oo,000 having been received in money and stint le, tor the relief of Michigan alone. S o ample were these contributions during the short period o f about 3 months, that the Governor issued a proclamation expressing in behalf of the people of the State grateful acknowldgment, a n d announcing that further aid was unnecessary. Governor B. has traveled extensively in his own country and has also made several visits to Europe and other portions of the Old World. H e was a passenger on the Steamer Arill, which was captured and bonded in the Carribean Sea, in December, 0362, by Capt. Semmes, and wrote a full and interesting account of the transaction, T h e following estimate of Governor B. on his retirement from office, by a leading newspaper, is not overdrawn: " T h e retiring message of Governor B., w i l l b e read with interest. I ▶ i s a characteristic document and possesFes the lucid statement, strong, and clear practical sense, which have been marked features of all preceding documents from the same source. Governor B. retired to private life after four years of unusually successful administration amid plaudits that are universal throughout the State. F o r many years eminent and capable men have filled the executive chair o f this State, but in painstaking vigilance, in stern good sense, i n genuine public spirit, in thorough integrity and i n practical capacity, Henry P. Baldwin has shown himself to lK the peer of any or all of them. T h e State has been unusually prosperous during his two terms, and the State administration has frilly kept pace with the needs of the times. T h e retiring Governor has fulls earned the public gratitude and confidence which he to-day f perssesses to such remarkable degre:. ■ -41fr ��I �GOVERNORS O F AI ICII/GA OHN JUDSON B A G L E Y, Governor o f Michigan from 1873 to 1877, was horn i n Medina, Orleans Co., N . V., July 4,1832. H i s father. John Bagley, was a native of New Hampshire, his mother, Mary M . Bagley, o f Connecticut. H e attended the district school of Lockport, N. Y., until he was eight years old, at which time his father moved to Constantine, Mich., and he a t tended the common schools of that village. H i s early experience was like that of many country boys whose parents removed from Eastern States to the newer portion o f the West. His father being in very poor circumstances, Mr. B. was obliged to work as scion as he was able to do so. Leaving school when t3 years tif age he entered a country store in Constantine as clerk. H i s father then removed torivrosso. Mich .and he again I engaged as clerk in a store F r o m early youth Mr. B. was extravagantly fond of reading and devoted every leisure moment to the perusal of such books, papers and periodicals as came within his reach. I n 1847, he removed to Detroit. where he secured employment in a tobacco manufactory and remained in this position for about five years. In *853, he began business for himself in the manufact unng of tobacco. H i s establishment has become 157 one of the largest o f the kind in the West. M r . B. has also been greatly interested in other manufacturing enterprises, as well as in mining, banking and i n surance corporations. H e was President o f the Detroit Safe Company for several years. H e was one of the organizers of the Michigan Mutual Life Insurance Company of Detroit, and was its President from 1867 t o 187z. H e was a director of the American National Bank for many years, and a stockholder and director in various other corporations. Mr. B. was a member of the Board of Education two years, and of the Detroit Common Council the same length of time. I n 1865 he was appointed by Governor Crapo one o f the first commissioners o f the Metropolitian police force of the city of Detroit, serving six years. In,November, 187z, he was elected Governor of Michigan, and two years later was reelected to the same office, retiring in January, 1877. He was an active worker in the Republican party, and for many years was Chairman o f the Republican State Central committee. Governor Bagley was quite liberal in his religious views and was an attendant of the Unitarian Church. He aimed to be able to hear and consider any new thought, from whatever source it may come. but was not bound by any religious creed or formula. H e held in respect all religious opinions, believing that noone can be injured by a firm adherence to a faith or denomination. H e was married at Dubuque, Iowa, Jan. 16, 1855. to Frances E. Newberry, daughter of Rev. Samuel Newberry, a pioneer missionary of Michigan, who took an active part in the early educational matters of the State and in the establishment of its excellent system o f education. I t was principally • �t • -40 r58 J 0 1 -1A' J. B A G L E Y. 15..naugh his exertions that the State University was founded. M r . B.'s family consists of seven children. As Governor his administration w a s characterized by several important features, chief among which were his efforts to improve and make popular the educational agencies of the State by increasing the faculty of the University for more thorough i n struction in technical studies, by strengthening the hold of the Agricultural College upon the public good will and making the general change which has manifested itself in many scattered pnmary districts. Among others were an almost complete revolution in the management of the penal and charitable institutions of the State; the passage of the liquor-tax law,taking the place of the dead letter of prohibition; the establishing of the system of dealing with juvenile offenders through county agents, which has proved of great good in turning the young back from crime and placing the State in the attitude of a moral agent ; in securing for the militia the fist time in the history of Michigan a systematized organization upon a serviceable footing. I t was upon the suggestion of Gov. B. in the earlier part of his administration that the law creating the State Board of Health, and also the law creating a fish commission in the inland waters of the State, were passed, both of which have proved of great benefit to the State. T h e successful representation of Michigan at the Centennial Exhibition is also au honorable part of the record of Gov. B.'s administration. As Governor, he felt that he represented the State —not in a narrow, egotistical way, but in the same sense that a faithful, trusted, confidential agent represents his employer, and as the Executive of the State he was her " attorney in fact." A n d his intelligent, thoughtful care will long continue the pride of the people he so much loved. H e was ambitious— ambitious for place and power, as every noble mind is ambitious, because these give opportunity. H o w ever strong the mind and powerful the will, i f there be no ambition, life is a failure. H e was not blind to the fact that the more we have the more is required of us. H e accepted it in its fullest meaning. H e had great hopes for his State and his country. H e had his ideas of what they should be. W i t h a heart as broad as humanity itself; with an intelligent, able and cultured brain, the will and the power t o do, h e asked his fellow citizen to give him the opportunity to labor for them. S e l f entered not into the calculation 11 0 His whole life was a battle for others; and he eiitered the conflict eagerly and hopefully. His State papers were models o f compact, business-like statements, bold, original, and brimful o f practical suggestions, and his administrations will long be considered as among the ablest i n this or any other State. His noble, generous nature made his innumerable benefactions a source of continuous pleasure. L i t e r ally, to him it was " more blessed t o give than t o receive." His greatest enjoyment was in witnessing the comfort and happiness of others. Not a tithe of his charities were known to his most intimate friends, or even to his family. Many a needy one has been the recipient of aid at an opportune moment, who never knew the hand that gave. At one time a friend had witnessed his ready response to some charitable request, and said to him: "Governor, you give away a large sum of money ; about how much does your charities amount to in a year?' He turned at once and said: " I do not know, sir; I do not allow myself to know. I hope 1 gave more this year than I did last, and hope 1 shall give more next year than I have this." T h i s expressed his idea of charity, that the giving should at all times be free and spontaneous. During his leasure hours from early life, and especially during the last few years, he devoted much time to becoming acquainted with the best authors. Biography was his delight ; the last he read was the "Life and ‘Voilt of John Adams," in ten volumes. In all questions of business o r public affairs he seemed to have the power of getting at the kernel of the nut in the least possible time. I n reading h r would spend scarcely more time with a volume than most persons would devote to a chapter. A f t e r what seemed a cursory glance, he would have all of value the book contained. Rarely do we see a business man so familiar with the best English authors. H e was a generous and intelligent patron of the arts, and his elegant home was a study and a pleasure to his many friends, who always found there a hearty welcome. A t Christmas time lie would spend days doing the work of Santa Claus. Every Christmas eve he gathered his children about him and, taking the youngest on his lap, told some Christmas story. closing the enterainment with " T h e Night Before Christmas," or Dickens's "Christmas Carol." ��4 1 i M �GO Y E R . V O R S O F M I C H I G A N . 1 6 1 eilitkaLSO Mk: HARLES M . CROSWELL, Governor o f M i c h i g a n f r o m Jan. 3, 1877 to Jan. I . 1881, was born at Newburg. Orange County, N. Y. , Oct. 3 : , 18:5. He is the only son of John and Sallie ( H i c k s ) Croswell. H i s father, who was of Scotch-lrish extraction, was a paper-maker, and earned on business in New York City. H i s ancestors o n his mother's side were of Knickerbocker d e s c e n t T h e C r o s w e l l family m a y b e found connected with prominent events. in New York and Connecticut, in the early eelsterse: of the Republic. H a r r y Croswell, d u n n g t h e administration of President Jefferson, published a p a per called t h e naiartee, a n d w a s prosecuted for libeling the President under the obnoxious Seditirm Law. He was defended by the celebrated Alexander Hamilton, and the deerstor- A ! h e I s e establised t h e important niline t h a t the truth might be shown in cases of libel. A n o t h e r member of the family C r o s w e l l , the fans'us ,trbtbr of the Albany efeces, also. Rev. William rnsurell, noted as a divine and poet. tvben t.h.tri,-; NI Creswell was seven years of age, his father was atridentally thrrerned i n t h e Hudson at Newburg . and. within three monthii preced- of his father he went to live with a n uncle, who, i n 1837, emigrated with him t o Adrain, Michigan. A t sixteen years of age, he commenced to learn the carpenter's trade, and worked a t i t very diligently for four years, maintaining himself, and devoting his spare time to reading and the acquirement o f knowledge. In 8846, he began t h e study o f l a w , a n d was a p pointed Deputy Clerk o f Lenawee County. T h e duties of this office he performed four years, when h e was elected Register o f Deeds, and was re-elected in 1852. I n 1854, he took part in the first movements for the formation of the Republican party, and was a member and Secretary of the convetion held at Jackson in that year, which put in the field t h e first R e publican State t i c k e t i n Michigan. I n : 8 5 5 , h e formed a law partnership with the present Chief-Justice Cooley, which continued until t h e removal o f Judge Cooley to Ann Arbor. In t Ma, M r. Croswell was appointed City Attorrici of Adrian. H e was also elected Mayor o f t h e c i i ) in the spring of the same year; and in t h e f a l l was chosen t o represent Lenawee County i n t h e State Senate H e was re-elected t o the Senate in * 8 6 4 , and again in 6866, during each term filling the positions above mentioned. A m o n g various reports made by hue, one adverse t o the re-establishment o f t h e death penalty, and another against a imposition to pay the salaries of State officers and judges i n coin, which then commanded a very large premium. may be mentioned. H e also drafted the act ratifying the Thirteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution, tng that event. his masher and only sicter had + e d . — for the abolishment o f slavery, i t being t h e first amendment t o the instrument ratified Ivy Michigan. th•,s leaving him The sole surviving member o f the family, wirlinitt fortune i n mearte. l ' p o n t h e death In 1861, from his !eat i n t h e State Senate, h e delivered an elaborate 'perch in favor of the Pmelama- 4 �162 C l I A R L E S .11. CROS WELL tion of Emancipation issued by President Lincoln, and of his general policy in the prosecution of the war. T h i s , at the request of his Republican associates, was afterwards published. I n i867, he was elected a member of the Constitutional Convention, and chosen its presiding officer. T h i s convention was composed of an able body of men ; and though, in t h e general distrust o f constitutional changes which for sonic years had been taking possession o f the people, their labors were not accepted by the popular vote, it was always conceded that the constitution they proposed had been prepared with great care and skill. In 1868, Mr. Croswell was chosen an Elector o n the Republican Presidential ticket ; in 187 2, was elected a Representative t o the State Legislature from Lenawee County, and was chosen Speaker o f the House of Representatives. A t the close o f the session of that body his abilities as a parliamentarian, and the fairness of his rulings were freely and formally acknowledged by his associates; and he was presented with a superb collection o f their portraits handsomely framed. H e was, also, for several year,., Secretary of the State Board for the general supervision of the charitable and penal institutions of Michi • gan ; in which position, his propositions for the amelioration of the condition of the unfortunate, and the reformation of the criminal classes, signalize the b e nevolence of his nature, and the practical character of his mind. In 1876, the general voice o f the Republicans o f the State indicted M r. Croswell as their choice for Governor; and, at the State Convention of the party in August of the same year, he was put in nomination by acclamation, without the formality of a ballot. A t the election in November following, he was chosen to the high position for which he had been nominated, by a very large majority over all opposing candidates. His inaugural message was received w i t h general favor; and his career as Governor was marked with the same cptalities of head and heart that have ever distinguished him, both as a citizen and statesman. NIP Governor Groswell has always prepared his addresses with care; and, as his diction is terse, clear, and strong, without excess of ornament, and his delivery impressive, he is a popular speaker; and many of his speeches have attracted favorable comment in the public prints, and have a permanent value. H e has always manifested a deep interest in educational matters, and was for years a member and Secretary of the Board of Education o f Adrain. A t the formal opening of the Central School building i n that city, on the 24th day of April, 1869, he gave, in a public address, an " Historical Sketch o f the Adrian Public Schools." In his private life, Governor Croswell has been as exemplary as in his public career he has been successful and useful. I n February, 1852, he was married to a daughter of Morton Eddy, Lucy M . Eddy, a lady of many amiable and sunny qualities. S h e suddenly died, March t9, 1868, leaving two daughters and a soil. Governor Croswell is not a member of any religious body, but generally attends the Presbyterian Church. H e pursues the profession of law, but of late has been occupied mainly in the care of his own interests, and the quiet duties o f advice i n business difficulties, f u r which his unfailing prudence and sound judgment eminently fit him. G o v ernor Croswell is truly popular, not only with those of like political faith with himself, but with those who differ firm him in this regard. During Gov. Croswell's administration the public debt was greatly reduced; a policy adopted requiring the State institutions to keep within the limit of appropriations; laws enacted to provide more effectually for the punishment of corruption and bribrery in elections; the State House of Correction at Ionia and the Eastern Asylum for the Insane at Pontiac were opened, and the new capital at Lansing was completed and occupied. The first act of his second term was to preside at the dedication of this building T h e great riot at Jackson occured during his administration, and it was only by his promptness that great distruction of both life and property was prevented a t that time. T ��Ihi_ �GO VERNORS O F , I I I C H I G . 4 16 5 }21 OVID ZsAorns. * At ti 1 - 1 • Vr • V V Vr 1 11? I r r $ V t i l — M - 4 " f r r r t 4 N 44.4..t..t..t. t . # 2 4 - 4 . rwirm— tor' DAVID H. J E ROM E, Governor of from Jan. I , t881, to an. r, 1883, was born at D e troit, Mich., Nov. r 7 , 1829. His parents emigrated t o Michigan from Trumansburg, Tompkins Co., N. Y. , in T 32 8, locating at Detroit. H i s father died March 30, 1831, leaving nine children. H e had been twice married, and four of the children living at the time o f his death were grown up sons, the offspring o f his first union. O f the five children by his second marriage. David H . was the youngest. Shortly after Mr. Jerome's death, his widow moved back t o New York and settled i n inondaga County near Syracuse, where they remained until the fall of 1834, the four sons by the first wife continuing their residence in Michigan. I n the fall of 183.1. Mrs. Jerome came once more to Michigan, locating on a farm in St. Clair County. H e r e the Governor formed those habits of industry and sterling integrity that have been so characteristic of the roan in the active duties of life. H e was sent to the iistrict school, and in the acquisition of the fundamental branches of learning he displayed a precocity and an application which won for him the admiration of his teachers, and always placed him at the head of his classes. i n the meantime he did chores on the farm, and was always ready with a cheerful hear and willing hand to assist his widowed mother. T h e nezvy labor of the farm was carried on t.y his two older brothers, Timothy and George, and when 13 years of age David received his mother's permission to attend school at the St. Clair Academy. While attending there he lived with Marcus H . Miles, now deceased, doing chores for his board, and the following winter performed the same service for James Ogden, also deceased. T h e next summer Mrs. Jerome moved into the village of St. Clair, for the purpose of continuing her son in school. W h i l e attending said academy one of his associate students was Senator Thomas W. Palmer, of Detroit, a rival candidate before the gubernatorial convention i n 1880. H e completed his education in the fall of his ifith year, and the following winter assisted his brother Timothy in hauling logs in the pine woods. T h e next summer he rafted logs down the St. Clair River to Algonac. In 1847, M. H. Miles being Clerk in St. Clair County, and Volney A. Ripley Register of Deeds. David H. Jerome was a; pointed Deputy to each, remaining as such during 1848-'49, and receiving much praise from his employers and the people in general for the ability displayed in the discharge of his duties. H e spent his summer vacation at clerical work on Ward the lake vessels. In 1 849-'5 o, he abandoned office work, and for the proper development o f his physical system spent several months hauling logs. I n the spring of 1850, his brother "Tiff" and himself chartered the steamer "Chautauqua," and "Young Dave" became her master. A portion of the season the boat was engaged in the passenger and freight traffic between Port Huron and Detroit, but dining the latter part was used as a tow boat. A t that time there was &serious obstruction to navigation, known as the "St. Clair Flats," between Lakes Huron and Eric, over which �166 D A V D I I JEROME. vessels could carry only about 10,000 bushels of grain. Mr. Jerome conceived the idea o f towing vessels front one lake to the other, and put his plan into operation. Through the influence of practical men,— among them the subject of this sketch,—Congress removed the obstruction above referred to, and .now vessels can pass them laden with 6o,000 or 8o,000 bushels of grain. During the season, the two brothers succeeded in making a neat little sum of money by the summer's work, but subsequently lost it all on a contract to raise the "Gen. Scott," a vessel that had sunk in Lake St. Clair. D a v i d H. came out free from debt, but possessed of hardly a dollar of capital. I n the spring of 1£15 t, he was clerk and acting master of the steamers "Franklin Moore" and "Ruby," plying b e tween Detroit and Port Huron and Goderich. T h e following year he was clerk of the propeller "Princeton." running between Detroit and Buffalo. In January, 1853, Mr. Jerome went to California, by way of the Isthmus, and enjoyed extraordinary success in selling goods in a new place of his selection, among the mountains near Marysville H e remained there .during the summer, and located the Live Yankee Tunnel Mine, which has since yielded millions to its owners, and is still a paying investment. He planned and put a tunnel boo feet into the mine, but when the water supply began to fail with the dry season, sold out his interest. H e left in the fall of 1853, and in December sailed from San Francisco for New York, arriving at his home in St. Clair County, about a year after his departure. During his absence his brother "Tiff" had located at Saginaw, ana in 1854 Mr. Jerome joined hint in his lumber operations in the valley. I n 0155 the brothers bought Blackmer & Eaton's hardware and general supply stores, at Saginaw, and David H. assumed the management of the business. F r o m 1855 to I 873 he was also o s tensively engaged in lumbering operations. Soon after locating at Saginaw he was nominated for Alderman against Stewart B. Williams, a rising young man, of strong Democratic principles. T h e ward was largely Democratic, but M r. Jerome was elected by a handsome majority. %%lien the Repub. iican party was born at Jackson, Mich., David H Jerome was, though not a delegate to the convention, one of its "charter members.' I l i 0862, he was commissioned by Gov. Austin Blair to raise one of the six regiments apportioned to the State of Michigan. Mr. Jerome immediately went t o work and held meetings at various points. T h e zeal and enthusiasm displayed by this advocate of the Union, awakened a feeling of patriotic interest in the breasts of many brave men, and in a short space of time the z3d Regiment of Michigan Volunteer Infantry was placed in the field, and subsequently gained for itself a brilliant record. In the fall of 1862, Mr. Jerome was nominated by the Republican party for State Senator from the 26th district, Appleton Stevens, of Bay City, being his opponent. T h e contest was very exciting, and resulted in the triumphant election of Mr. Jerome. H e was twice renominated and elected both times by i n creased majorities, defeating George Lord, o f Bay City, and Dr. Cheseman, of Gratiot County. On taking his seat in the Senate, he was appointed Chairman of the Committee on State Affairs, and was a c tive in raising means and troops to carry on the war. He held the same position during his three terms of service, and introduced the bill creating the Soldiers' Home at Harper Hospital, Detroit. He was selected by Gov. Crapo as a military aid, and in 1865 was appointed a member of the State Military Board, and served as its President for eight consecutive years. I n 1873, he was appointed by Gov. Bagley a member of the convention to prepare a new State Constitution, and was Chairman o f the Committee on Finance. In 1875, Mr. Jerome was appointed a member of the Board of Indian Commissioners. I n 1876 he was Chairman of a commission to visit Chief Joseph, the Nez Perce Indian, to arrange .10 amicable settlement of all existing difficulties. T h e commission went to Portland, Oregon, thence to the Blue Hills, in Idaho, a distance of boo miles up the Columbia River. At the Republican State Convention, convened at Jackson in August, 1880, Mr. Jerome was placed in the field for nomination, and on the 5th day o f the month received the highest honor the convention could confer on any one. H i s opponent was Frederick M. Holloway. of Hillsdale County, who was suppmted by the Democratic and Greenback parties. The State was thoroughly canvassed by both parties. and when the polls were closed on the evening of election day, it was found that David H Termite had been selected by the voters of the Wolverine State to occupy the highest position within their gift ��1 a �GO f'F. R R S O F .I//CH G 169 S I 4..1-1 W . B EG ar OSIAH W . B E G O L E , t h e present ( 1 8 8 3 ) , Governor o f Michigan was born in Livingston, County, N. V. , pan. z o , • r 8 is. H i s ancestors were of French descent, and settled at an early period i n the State o f e Maryland. Hisgrandfather.Capt. Bolles, of that State, was an officer in the American army during the war of the Revolution. About the beginning of the present century- both his grandparents, having become dissatisfied with the institution o f slavery, although slaveholders themselves, emigrated t o Livingston C o u n t y, N . 1"., t h e n .1 new country, taking with them a number of their former slave., who volunteered t o accompany them. Ili,: father w a s a n officer i n t h e American army, and served during the war of 18:2. Mr. B. received his early education in a log schoolhouse, and subsequently attended t h e Temple H i l l Academy. at Geneseo, N. V . B e i n g the eldest of faintly of ten children, whose patents were in moderate though comfortable circumstances, he was early taught habits of industry, and when a t years of age, being ambitious to better his condition in life, h e r e ,sved to seek his fortune in the far West, as i t was 40— • sles- I then called. I n August, 1836, he l e f t the parental roof to seek a home i n the Territory o f Michigan, then an almost unbroken wilderness. H e settled i n Genesee County., and aided with h i s o w n hands i n building sonic of the early residences in what is now known as the city o f F l i n t . T h e r e were b u t four or five houses where this flourishing c i t y n o w stands when he selected it as his home. In the spring of 0139 he married Miss Harriet A . Miles. T h e marriage proved a most fortunate one, and to the faithful wife of his youth, who lives to e n joy with him the comforts of an honestly earned cornpetence, Mr. Begole ascribes largely his success in life. I m m e d i a t e l y after his marriage he commenced work on an unimproved farm, where, b y h i s perseverance and energy, he soon established a good home, and at the end of eighteen years was the owner o f .1 well improved farm of five hundred acres. Mr. Begole being an anti-slavery m a n , became a member of the Republican party at its organization. He served his townsmen in various offices, and was, 1156, elected County Treasurer, which office h e held for eight years. At the breaking out of the Rebellion he did not carry a musket to the front, but his many friends will bear witness that he took an active part in recruiting and furnishing supplies for the army, and In looking after the interests of soldiers' families at home. T h e death of his eldest son near Atlanta, Ga., by a Confedrate bullet, in 1864, was the greatest sorrow of his lit, When a few tears later lie was a member in Congress �( 1 7 0 J O S I A H W. BEGOLE. Gov. Begole voted and worked for the soldiers' bounty equalization bill, an act doing justice to the soldier who bore the burden and heat of the day, and who should fare equally with him who came in at the eleventh hour. T h a t bill was defeated in the House on account of the large appropriation that would be required to pay the same. In 1870, Gov. Begule was nominated by acclamation for the office of State Senator, and elected by a large majority. I n that body he served on the Committees of Finance and Railroads, and was Chairman of the Committee on the Institute for the Deaf and Dumb and Blind. H e took a liberal and publicspirited view of the importance o f a new capitol building worthy of the State, and was an active member of the Committee that drafted the bill for the same H e was a delegate to the National Republican Convention held at Philadelphia in 1872, and was the chosen member of that delegation to go to Washington and inform Gen. Grant and Senator Wilson of their nominations. I t was while at that convention that, by the express wish o f his many friends, he was induced to offer himself a candidate for the nomination of member to the 43d Congress, in which he was successful, afterconiveting fur the nomination with several of the most worthy, able and experienced men in the Sixth Congressional District, and was elected by a very large majority. I n Congress, he was a member o f the Committee on Agricultural and Public Expenditures. Being one of the 17 farmers in that Congress, he took an active part in the Committee of Agriculture, and was pointed by that committee to draft the most importam report made by that committee, and upon the only subject recommended by the President in his message, which he did and the report was printed in records of Congress; he took an efficient though an unobtrusive part in all its proceedings. He voted for the currency bill, remonelization o f silver, and other financial measures, many of which, though defeated then, have since become the settled policy of the country. Owing to the position which Mr. Begole occupied on these questions, he became a "Greenbacker." 4 In the Gubernatorial election of 1882, Mr. Begole was the candidate of both the Greenback and Democratic parties, and was elected by a vote of 154,26o. the Republican candidate, Hon. David H . lerome, .4• receiving 140,647 votes M r . Begole, in entenng upon his duties as Governor, has manifested a spirit that has already won hint many friends, and bids fair to make his administration I MAI stun essful and popular. The very best indications of what a man 1,, is what liiN own townsmen think of him. W e give the following extract frum the Flint Globe, the leading Republican paper in Gov. Begole's own cuunty, and it, too, written during the heat of a political campaign. which certainly is a flattering testimonial of his sterling worth: "Su far, however, as Mr. Begole, the head of the ticket, is concerned, there is nothing detrimental to his character that can be alleged against him. H e has sometimes changed his mind in politics, but for sincerity of his beliefs and the earnestness of his purpose nobody who knows hini entertains a doubt. H e is incapable of bearing malice, even against his bitterest political enemies. H e has a warm, generous nature, and a larger, kinder heart does not beat i n the bosom of any man in Michigan. H e is not much given to making speeches, but deeds are more significant of a man's character than words. T h e r e are many scores of men in all parts of the State where Mr. Begule is acquainted, who have had practical demonstrations of these facts, and who are liable to step outside of party lines to show that they do not forget his kindness, and who, no doubt, wish that he was a leader in what would not necessarily prove a forlorn hove. B u t the Republican party in Michigan is too strong to lie beaten by a combination of Democrats and Greenbackers, even if it is marshaled by so good a man as Mr. Begole." This sketch would he imperfect without referring to the action of Mr. B. at the time of the great calamity that i n 1881 overtook the people o f Northeastern Michigan, in a few hours desolating whole counties by fire and destroying the results and accumulations of such hard work as only falls to the lot of pioneers. While the Port Huron and Detroit committees were quarreling over the distribution of funds, Mr. Begole wrote to an agent in the ":burnt district" a letter, from which we make an extract of but a single sentence "Until the differences between the two committees are adjusted and you receive your regular supplies from them, draw on me. L e t no man suffer while I have money." T h i s displays his true character. fi 4 ��I �001-ERXWZ.S l f i C / i / U -I.\-. USSELL A.ALGER,Governor of Michigan for the term commencing J a n . I , 1885, was born in Lafayette Township, Medina Co., Ohio, Feb. 2 7 , 1836. H a v i n g lived a temperate life, he is a comparative young man in appearance, and pos-eases those mental faculties that are the distinguishing characteristics of robust, mature and educated manhood. W h e n I I years of age both his parents died, leaving him with a }(ranger brother and sister t o sup+ p o r t and without any of thesnbstautiat means of existence. L a c k i n g the opportunity- of better employment, lie worked on a farm in Richfield, Ohio, for the greater part of earl. of the succeeding seven years, saving money enough Li defray his e x penses a t Richfield Academy during t h e w i n t e r terms. H e obtained a very good English edneation. and was enabled to teach school f o r several subsequent winters. I n l k i 7 he commenced the Andy of law in the offices of Wolcott At Upson at Akron, no maining until Mardi. 18:i9. when he wa+ admitted to the bar b y the Ohio Supreme Court. I l e then removed to Cleveland, and entered the law /Are of M i l d r CoMnbury, where h e remained several months. H e r e he eontinued his studies w i t h i n creased zeal. and did much general reading. H a r d study and close confinement to office work. however. hegaa to tell on bill constitution, and failing health warned him that he must peek other occupation. He therefore reluctantly abandoned the law and removed to Gram! Rapids, Mich., t o engage i n the lumber business. When Michigan was called upon to furnish troops for the war, Mr. Alger enlisted in the Second Mich. Cay. and was mustered into the service o f the United States as Captain of Co. C. H i s record as a cavalry officer was brilliant and honorable t o himself and his company. H e participated in some of the fiercest contests o f the rebellion and was twice wounded. H i s first injury was received i n the b a t t l e o f Booneville, Miss., J u l y 2 , 1862. this conduct i n this engagement was s o distinguished t h a t h e was promoted t o t h e rank o f Major. O n the same occasion h i s Colonel, t h e gallant Phil. Sheridan, was advanced t o the rank of Brigadier General. A few months later, on the 16th of October, Major Alger became LieutenantColonel of the Sixth Mich. Cay., and was ordered with his regiment t o the A r m y o f the Potomac. After marked service in the early campaign of 1863, he was again advanced, and on Jane 2 received his commissionasad Colonel of the Fifth Mich. Cay. His regiment at this time was in Custer's famous Michigan cavalry brigade. O n the 6th of July occurred the battle of Booneshoro, Md. I n this conflict be was again wounded. H i s health received a more than temporary impairment, and in October, 1864. be was obliged t o retire from the service. H i s career as a soldier included many of the most celebrated contests of the war. H e was an active &erecter in all the battles fought b y the A r m y o f the ��1 �L a m , % t 1 _ . t7 �N 0 0 I "ERNORS O F .1/WH/0.1 1 7 7 Cyrus .Gray YEWS G R A Y L U C E , t h e present Governor of Michigan, combines in his character the substantial traits of the N e w England ancestry of his father, and the chivalrous and hospitable elements peculiar t o t h e Southerners, which came to him from his mother's side of the house. T h e New Englanders, active in the cause of American liberty, after this desired result was accomplished. turned their attention t o the growth a n d development o f t h e country which their noble daring had constitutes) independent of foreign rule. T h e privations they endured and the struggles from which they had achieved victory built up in them those qualities which in the very nature o f event- could not be otherwise than transmitted to their posterity, and this posterity comprises a large number of the men who to-day, l i k e the subject o f this history, are making a record of which their descendants will be equally pouch. Gov. Luce was horn in Windsor, Ashtabula t o Ohio, July 2. 1524. H i s father was a native o f Tolland. Comi., served as a soldier i n the Wa r o f 1812, and soon after its close emigrated from New England and settled o n the Western Reserve i n Northern Ohio. H i s mother, who in her girlhood was Miss Mary Gray, was born in Winchester. Va. Her father, tinctured with Abolitionism, found his home in the Old Dominion becoming uneornfortable as an abiding-place at that time, and accordingly, with his wife and family of young children. he also migrated, in 1815, to the wilds of Northern Ohio. T h e r e the parents of our subject, i n 1819. were united in marriage, and continued residents of Ashtabula County u n t i l 1836. T h e r e also were horn to them six sons, Cyrus G. of this sketch being the second. The incidents in the early life of Gov. Luce were not materially different from those o f other boys living on the farms in that new country. l i e was taught to work at anything necessary for him to do and t o make himself useful around the pioneer homestead. W h e n twelve years of age his parents removed further West, this time locating in Steuben County, Ind. T h i s section of country was still newer and more thinly settled, and without recounting the particular hardships and privations which the family experienced, it is sidlicient to say that but fees enjoyed or suffered a greater variety. Markets werc distant and difficult of access, the comforts of life scarce, and sickness universal. Young Luce, in common with other boys, attended school winters in the gereotyped log school-bouse, and i n summer assisted i n clearing away t h e forests, fencing the fields and raising crops after the land was improved. Ile attended three terms an academy located at Ontario, Init. and his habit of reading and observation added essentially t o his limited school privileges. When seventeen years o f age the father o f our subject erected a cloth-dressing and wool-carding establishment, where C y r u s a c q u i r e d a f u l l knowledge o f this business and subsequently had charge of the factory f o r a period o f seven years. In the meantime lie had become interested in local polities, in which he displayed rare judgment and sound common sense, and on account o f which, in 1848, he was nominated by the Whigs in a district composed of the counties of DeKalb and Steuben for Representative i n the State Legislature. I l e made a • igorous canvass but was defeated by eleven majority. T h i s incident was but a transient Imli. Ile on the stream of his life, and that. same year �_ CPR[ S G R AY 1J C E ---- — urged him to accept, it, claiming that the office was Mr. Luce purchased eighty acres of wild laud near the most difficult be had t o fill, and was one which Gilead, Branch Co., Mich., t h e improvement o f required first-class executive ability. l i e organized which he at once entered upon, clearing away the the State into districts, appointed an adequate forte trees and otherwise making arrangements for the of deputies and no more, secured a reduction of the establishment of a homestead. I n August, 1849, be fees by nearly one-half, and in every way managed was united in marriage with Miss Julia A. Dickinson, of Gilead, and the young people immediately com- the affairs of the office so efficiently and satisfactorily that above all expenses he was enabled to menced housekeeping in a modest dwelling on the new farm. H e r e they resided until the death of the pay into the State Treasury during his management $32,000.49. wife, which took place i n August, 1882. M r s . In August of the year 1886 Mr. Luce was nomLuce was the daughter of Ober] and Experience Dickinson, well-to-do and highly respected residents inated by the Republicans in convention assembled at Grand Rapids, for the office o f Governor o f of Gilead. O f h e r tuition w i t h o u r subject there Michigan by acclamation, and on the 2d of Novemwere horn five children, one now deceased. In November, 1883, Gov. Luce contracted a sec- ber following was elected b y a majority o f 7,432 ond marriage, with Mrs. Mary Thompson, of Brou- over his chief competitor. George L . Tattle. I n 1874 h e became an active member o f the farnison, this State. H e continued o n the same farm, which, however, by subsequent purchase Int(' been ers' organiz.ation known as the Grange. Believing as he does that agriculture furnishes the basis o f considerably extended, until after his election to the National prosperity. he1VRS311X1011S to contribute to office of which he is now the incumbent. I n the the education and elevation o f the farming commeantime he has had a wide and varied experience in public life. I n 18.52 he was elected to represent his munity, and thus availed himself of the opportunities offered by this organization t o aid i n accomtownship in the County Board of Supervisors, and plishing this result. F u r a period of seven years he two years later, in 1854, was elected Representative to the first Republican Legislature convened in the State was Master of the State Grange b u t resigned the position last November. F i d e l i t y t o convictions, of Michigan. H e served his township altogether eleven years as a member of the Board of Supervisors. close application to business, whether agricultural or In 1858 he was elected County Treasurer of Branch affairs of State, coupled with untiring industry, are his chief characteristics. A s a farmer, legislator. County and re-elected in 1860. I n 1864 he was executive officer, and manager of county as well as given a seat in the State Senate and re-elected i n 1866. I n the spring of 1867 he was made a member of State affairs, its a private as well as a public citizen. the Constitutional Convention to revise the Consti- his career has all along been marked w i t h success. No one can point to a spot reflecting discredit i n tution of the State o f Michigan, and i n all o f the positions to which he has been called has evidenced his public career or private life. H e is a man o f the people, and self-made in the strictest sense. His a realization of the sober responsibilities committed to his care. T o the duties of each he gave the most whole life has been among the people. in full sympathy with them. and in their special confidence and conscientious care, and has great reason to feel pride and satisfaction in the fact that during his service esteem. in both Houses of the Legislature his name appears Pertionally. Gov. Cyrus G. Luce is high-mindetL upon every roll-call, he never having been absent intellectual a n d affable, t h e object o f m a n y from his post a day. and warm friendships, anti a man i n all respects In July, 1879, Mr. Luce was appointed State Oil above reproach. T o the duties of his high position Inspector by G o v. Croswell, and re-appointed b y he has brought a fitting dignity, and i n all the reGov. Jerome in 1881, serving in this capacity three lations of life that conscientious regard t o duty of and one-half years. I n t h e management o f the which we often read but which is too seldom seen, duties of this office he is entitled t o great credit. especially among those having within their I M O The office was not sought by him, bid the Governor the interests of State and Nation. 178 1111-41. ��4 �\ V IV ., , . i 7 • ."...1'.. . . , . . . . . „ : „ . . " . . 1 . 1 . . . . . d . 41, r ' . T€,' --;, l ' " -z,..)-,N472t ,?-: - - , . y..,;ir-\', --;,..-, - ,,--4: - -( cC ° "A - -, W 4 .....ic.,_:_kvi.4 -k•-„,:' 0-?-' ,F. ,..,•4- ' X I " ; -s-'%'"Ii.. -j?(01•; \-1 4 4 c GIP- • vilie 4 t ��00.—/--4, I N T R O D U C T O R Y. HE time has arrived when i t becomes the duty o f the people of this county to perpetuate the names o f their pioneers, to furnish a record o; their early settlement, and relate the story of their ;-...-cgress. T h e civilization of our day. the enlightenment of the age and the duty that men of the 'nesem time owe to their ancestors, to themselves and to their posterity, demand that a record of their lives and deeds should be made. I n bio' graphical history is found a power to instruct man by precedent, to enliven the mental faculties, and to waft down the river of time a safe vessel in which the names and actions of the people who contributed to raise this country from its primitive state may be preserved. Surely and rapidly the great and aged men, who in their prime entered the wilderness and claimed the virgin soil as their heritage, are passing to their graves. The mh e r remaining who can relate the incidents of the first days settlement is becoming small indeed, so that all actual necessity exists for the collection and ',reservation of events without delay, before all the earls settlers are cut down by the scythe of Time To be forgotten has been the great dread of mankind from remotest ages. All will be forgotten soon enough. in spite of their best works and the most earnest efforts of their friends to perserve the memory of their lives. T h e means employed to prevent oblivion and to perpetuate their memory has been in proportion to the amount of intelligence they possessed. The pyramids of Egypt were built to perpetuate the names and deeds of their great riders T h e exhumations made by the archeologists of Egypt from buried Memphis indicate a desire of those people to perpetuate the memory of their achievements The erection of the great obelisks were for the same purpose. Coining down to a later period, we find the Greeks and Romans erecting mausoleums and monuments. and carving out statues to chronicle their great achievements and carry them down the ages. It is also evident that time Mound-builders, in piling up their great mounds of earth, had but this idea— to leave something to show that they had lived. A l l these works, though many of them costly in the extreme, give but a faint idea of the live, and characters of those whose memory they were intended to perpetuate, and scarcely anything of the masses of the people that then lived. T h e great pyramids and some of the obelisks remain objects only of curiosity: the mausoleums, monuments and statues are crumbling into dust. It was left to modem ages to establish an intelligent, undecaying, immutable method of perpetuating a full history—immutable m that i t is almost unlimited in extent and perpetual in its action; and this is through the art of printing. To the present generation, however, we are indebted for the intmdurtion of the admirable system of local biography I3y this system every man, though he has nut achieved what the world calls greatness, his the means to perpetuate his life, his history, through the coining ages. The scythe of Time cuts down all ; nothing of the physical man is left. T h e monument which his children or friends may erect to his memory in the cemetery will crumble into dust and pass away; but his life, his achievements, the work he has accomplished. which otherwise would be forgotten, is perpetuated by a rec-nd of this kind. To preserve the lineaments of our companions we engrave their portraits, for the same reason we collect the attainable farts of their history. N o r do we think it necessary. as we speak only truth of them, to wait until they are dead, or until those who know them are gone: to do this we are ashamed only to publish to the world the history of those whose live., are unworthy of public re, ord An- 4 ��'VP 3 B R A N C H C O U N T Y. 1 8 5 IA) 1. -...sr:JeViI.Pet,"-.011,00 ,..-.1,10-'10e0eWeVer..-17StNt-V----.1,44cizarqzt:Z.iit-4"-tit--,.'-'44.• 331013MATIPS31 U M A X C A N F I E L D . a venerable and h i g h l y respected citizen o f Bronson, a n d o f whom we present a p o r t r a i t on t h e opposite page, w a s born i n t h e o p e n i n g y e a r of t h e p r e s e n t c e n t u r y. A p r i l 1 I. 1800. i n the State of N e w York, and i s t h e s o n o f Selalt n u l l Dorcas ( . a t t e r l y ) Canfield, also natives o f t h e E m p i r e State. s e l a i t Canfield was a farmer by occultation, and o n b o t h sides t h e f a m i l y w a s noted f o r l o n g e v i t y. t h e f a t h e r o f our subject d y i n g at the age o f seventy-three, and the mother, out- l i v ing her husband several years. died when eighty-three years old. O u r subject received careful home training and a good education i n t h e common schools and a t M i d d l e b u r y A c a d e m y i n Genesee County, continuing a resident o f his native state u n t i l nearly f o r t y - f o u r years o f age. O n the Id o f A p r i l . 1829. be began t h e establishment o f a home o f his own b y his marriage w i t h Miss D o r m Bartlett, which took place a t the home o f the bride in Genesee C o u n t y. M r s . Canfield w a s b o r n i n Genesee County, N . V . n e a r Rochester, i n 1 8 0 5 , anti was the d i n g h t e r o f Jacob Bartlett. of flene.ee es County, and b y her union w i t h o u r subject became the m o t h e r o f f i v e c h i l d r e n , n a m e l y : A l a n s o n A . . Sedate, J r. . Chester N . , P r u d e n c e L . a n d A l i c e A . o f these three are l i v i n g and all were married. M r s . Dorcas Canfield departed this l i f e a t h e r h o m e i n Alexander. N. Y. , Jan. 12, 1840. O n the 25th of July, 1840. o u r subject contracted a second m a r r i a g e , with Miss l ' h i l u r a , d a u g h t e r o f Isaac K i n g , o f A l exander. N . V . , w h o became t h e m o t h e r o f o n e child, a son. Marcus, w h o d i e d a t t h e a g e o f f i v e years. T h e mother departed hence June 20, 1845, in Bethel To w n s h i p , Branch C o u n t y. The present wife o f o u r subject, t o whom he was married i l l Batavia Township, Branch C o u n t y, Dee. 2, 1849. was i n her girlhood Miss M i n i m Emerson. She had before been twice a w i d o w, a n d t o t h e m was born one daughter, M e l i n d a , M a r c h 2 5 , 1851. She is now the wire of Jacob Price, and the mother of f o u r boys; t h e y l i v e i n B e t h e l To w n s h i p . M r . Canfield came t o this county in 1844,81111 purchased land in Bethel Township, where he farmed for a period o f thirty•nine years. I l e then removed t o t h e village o f Bronson, where be and his estimable wife purpose s p e n d i n g t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h e i r d a y s . They are b o t h d e v o u t members o f t h e M e t h o d i s t i ) Episcopal Church, and M r. Canfield h a s been o n e o f the chief pillars, bearing a tenth o f i t s financial burdens and doing everything in his power t o f n r - .41 �• 1 0 - 6 —411 186 B R A N C H Cher advance its prosperity. W h e n first becoming a voter he supported Whig principles, but in 1856 identified himself with the Republican party. I l e served as Justice of the Peace five terms, has been School Inspector and Highway Commissioner, and was urged to accept the office of Township Supervisor, but did not feel inclined t o take upon himself its responsibilities. We append the following poetry composed b y Mr. Canfield on his eighty-eighth birthday, as well as give other productions o f his which show that his soul is full of poetry and his heart mellow with love: To - I . Hark: bear the knell of time, the records say. Eighty-eight marks the tide of my birthday: How swift time flies. on its flitting wing Is borne the life of every living thing. From cradle to the grave, how rapid is our flight; We hail the morn. lunch at noon, Lo. 'tis night. My thoughts, that once so loved to stray From nadir to the milky way. From Arctic to Antarctic seas, Now love to rest and take their ease. My locks, once hlack as the raven's wing. To snow's white flakes are whitening. My memory has left her throne, And when called she is not at home. My hearing's bad, my sight is bleared; These omens show life's close is near. 'ro emigrate must be my task. A solemn work, for 'tis my last. My goods are packed—Faith, Hope and Love, The only robes 1 will need above. 0.3E1.4 A1.0.,T1101.11F: T o i i : I E N D s 1111 ' . Oh: Heaven born guest, we, children o f earth. address thee to-night. F r o m thy lofty thrane 0 hear thou the petitions we now offer thee. L o o k down on this cold earth and touch man's colder heart with a live coal from thy holy altar. S i n has cursed our world and frozen man's heart. D e a t h reigns and mourning is i n the land. C o m e w i t h t h y warm spirit. Breathe o n us. B a p t i z e o u r world w i t h new life. C h e e r the sad with thy kind look. W i t h opt t h y smile we languish. L e t t h y kind spirit hover round and in sympathy divine rest on each of us. T h e melody of thy sweet voice is a cordial to the sinking soul and revives the lowly heart, COUNTY. With the pure hope of a higher life, 0, angel form. come dwell with men. ! s t o u p down t o earth, make thy abode with the meek and contrite ones ' d e , worship at thy holy altars. W i t h o u t thee what is man M a n has no heart t o feel where thy breath has not kindled it. 0 , come and revive these dead hearts with thy own sweet. flowing life; cheer the weary pilgrim, smooth his rugged path as he advances. Instead o f thorns may flowers deck his path way. Earth i s desolate and blighted, and men art beasts when thy scepter rules not the heart T l o presence generates genial tires in the soul that purify and elevate, and unite man to man by kindred sympathy t h a t death cannot dissolve. W h e r e ' e r t 1 reign peace claims her home. Friendship's altarthere abound—thy shrine the heart.—thy dwelling where p u r i t y a n d love make their home. T h e friendless and forsaken find in thee a friend. I n the sorrowing. crushed and despairing ones impart the consolations of a brother's love. Breathe upon us the sympathy and kindness o f t h y own meek spirit. B i n d heart to heart in fellowship of kindred love. A n d may this world restored, be chained in friendship's softest bands, heart to heart, brother to brother. foe t o friend, t i l l the brotherhood o f man, confessed, restored. shall pervade the whole earth. Whither we go may t h y presence our steps attend. Commune without. hearts by the way. When we a brother meet may kind words reveal the kindness of our hearts, our mutual love—the mourner comfort, the fallen raise and bid him hope and li%, To t h e lonely, despairing one speak works comfort, call him brother. smile upon him. and In.oe will come again to his forsaken heart. 0 thou friend o f the friendless. clearer than brother, when the dark cloud threatens our sky thy presence is near. A n d when the storm rages high and the winds are loud t h y sweet voice we hear above the roar. I t calms all our fears. W h e r e v e r our humble cot may be i n this lone vale of team. there pitch thy royal tent. A n d as time wastes and each bright morning dawns, may we hear thy gentle voice calling us to the holy mission of doing good to all mankind. A n d when we die may it be in thy loved arms, breathing good-will and kindness to all ��18ts B R A N C H I have braved life's storms, now past, fourscore, To reach the harbor on the other shore; Where storms and winds disturb n o more The hands that reach that. peaceful shore. M y bark's now frail, i t seeks a haven, Its sails are torn, i t springs a leak: I ' l l make in haste the p o r t o f Heaven. The bay that all God's children seek. And when this world I b i d farewell. M y w o r k all done, may A n g e l s bear M y trusting soul where Seraphs dwell In climes more beautiful and f a i r. 0 : S o u l , expand t h y vision wide. For b r i g h t scenes light, up before m e : Heaven's vast plains like ocean t i d e s Reveal t o me new fields o f g l o r y, On which t o gaze can n e v e r tire. Our songs no languor I k n o w o r feel: Sweet waves o f j o y o u r souls inspire. As God i n Christ His love reveals. rSTIVirlict T i n s . Returning f r o m m y summer's visit., i n l o n e r e v eries, t h i n k i n g o v e r the m a n y o l d f r i e n d s I m e t . and t h e pleasant, t h o u g h b r i e f i n t e r v i e w s t h a t passed—happy scenes, o f t e n d e r, cordial greeting. and warm embrace, imparting that thrill of joy whose vibrations w i l l o n l y cease when this poor heart shall cease t o beat—friends of my childhood I may never meet on earth again. 1 V h i l e musing o'er their memories, i t came i n t o m y m i n d t o pen a few thoughts. and c o m m i t t o paper, that may show how and where the m i n d ruminates when sequestered, alone i n m y rural home— t h e themes t h a t inspire m y h e a r t , and wake m y thoughts, and tell where the mind delights to linger, a n d i t s fascinations. T h e i d e a l scenes. groves, and hallowed lawns m y feet delight t o wander in, m y eyes t o feast upon, and thrill o f melodies, whose s o f t breathing voices fill the fragrant air with rhapsodies, akin t o heavenly song. H o w sweet i n melting t r i l l s t h e y f a l l u p o n t h e e a r. M y w h o l e being is awake, and seems renewed w i t h a m e n t a l baptism, imparting a higher and purer spirit. A n d while glowing w i t h unbounded, f e r v i d thought, 'Lis then m y absent friends pass before m y vision, their forms I see, their words I hear; t h a t friendly ‘mile. C O U N T Y. impartiug genial tires f r o m pure and g e n t l e hearts. warms m y bosom afresh. and t h e r e k i n d l e s a h o l ) living dame. A n d b y i t s pure l i g h t and inspiration I a m prompted t o w r i t e a few l i n e s t h a t shall i n d i cate the yearnings o f m y nature, the channel o f m j thoughts. and the heart's treasures lard u p in store. A n d t o you t h e y are given, free as t h e r a i n d o .1 from the cloud,. A t the age o f eighty-eight years M r . Canfield a bale and hearty o l d m a i l , cheerful a n d corny,:,, ionable, and may m o s t properly look back upon hilife as one which has been w e l l spent, and i n w h i r l , he has evaded n o known d u t y, a n d h a s sought t o shape Iris course b y the Golden Rule. H e has beer, strictly temperate. never u s i n g w h i s k y o r t o h a c e . in any shape. A t the laying o f the corner stone of the Methodist Episcopal Church at Bronson h e was appointed t o d e l i v e r the address, a c o p y o f w h i c h was placed w i t h i n t h e stone, together w i t h his photograph. I t i - hardly necessary t o s a y t h a t h e i s widely and f a v o r a b l y k n o w n t h r o u g h o u t t h i s r i l l of t h e c o u n t y, a n d h e l d i n m o r e t h a n i i r d i o n r respect. j 9 A M E S I L W I L S O N , a prominent anti s k i l l fill a g r i c u l t u r i s t o f Branch C o u n t y. °rent,- - ep j• a leading position among the intelligent Alii respected citizens o f O v i d Township. H e i" a n a t i v e o f N e w Y o r k , b o r n i n S t a r k e y, Ya t e s C o u n t y, J a n . 12. 1836. H e i s o f g o o d N e w F.rigland ancestry, his grandparents. Reuben and Sabra ( F o l l e t t ) W i l s o n . h a v i n g b e e n b o r n i n We s t e r n Massachusetts, J u l y 9, 1772, a n d J u l y 2 5 . 1 7 7 5 , respectively. A f t e r marriage they remained i n their native State f o r some years, and t h e n removed tA, Yates C o u n t y, N . Y. . b e i n g e a r l y settlers o f M i l o Township. I n 1 895 they came t o the Te r r i t o r y of Michigan. spending t h e i r first season here in Coldwater, a n d t h e n made a permanent settlement i n O v i d To w n s h i p , where t h e y entered IGO a c r e s o f Government land on section 2 1 . M r . Wilson. who was a carpenter a n d j o i n e r b y trade, f i r s t e r e , t,• 1 a log !Iroise, which he anon after replaced i ' v a sill.- �'nr fiB R A N C H C O U N T Y. socutial f r a m e d w e l l i n g . I l e i m p r o v e d a p a r t o f the land a n d l i v e d h e r e u n t i l h i s death, which occurred A u g . 17, 1839. M r s . W i l s o n s u r v i v e d h i m a s h o r t t i m e . d y i n g Sept. 7 . 1 8 4 1 . when she was laid t o rest b e s i d e h e r husband i n t h e c e m e t e r y that he bad located on his land o n section 28. T o them had been b o r n eleven c h i l d r e n , five sons and 1 8 9 to r e t i r e f r o m has professional d u t i e s and d e v o t e his e n t i r e a t t e n t i o n t o agriculture, b u t h i s ability and s k i l l a s a physician were s o well k n o w n t h a t his s e r v i c e s w e r e i n c o n s t a n t r e q u i s i t i o n b y t h e people, s o t h a t i n a d d i t i o n t o superintending h i s farm w o r k , h e also p r a c t i c e d medicine, u n t i l i l l health compelled h i m t o r e t i r e f r o m a c t i v e l i f e . He has been the beloved physician in many a household, where h i s presence has b r o u g h t healing, and six daughters. Their son D a n i e l , t h e f a t h e r o f o u r subject, an honored p i o n e e r o f B r a n c h C o u n t y. w a s born i n a l l regard him as a safe friend and a wise counselor. Berkshire C o u n t y, Mass., D e c . 6 , 1 8 1 0 , a n d was I l e i s a m a n o f superior intellectual c u l t u r e , a n d consequently b u t t w o years o f age when his parents r a r e strength a n d sweetness o f character. H e has removed t o N e w Yo r k . H e attended t h e d i s t r i c t o f t e n b e e n called u p o n t o fill i m p o r t a n t offices o f schools o f M i l o . where h e received t h o r o u g h i n - r e s p o n s i b i l i t y and trust in t h e county and township. struction i n t h e f u n d a m e n t a l b r a n c h e s o f s t u d y, h a v i n g served a s Supervisor o f O v i d , as Sheriff o f and w h i l e y e t in his teens h e commenced t e a c h i n g B r a n c h C o u n t y, and a s County Surveyor, t h e peoschool. D u r i n g t h a t t i m e h e began t h e s t u d y o f p l e h a v i n g h a d such confidence i n him t h a t w h e n medicine. and l a t e r continued h i s studies w i t h D r . t h e L e g i s l a t u r e passed a n a c t f o r a p p r o p r i a t i n g "pence, o f N e w Yo r k . S u b s e q u e n t l y he was under . i , 0 0 0 acres f o r t h e improvement o f highways, h e the i n s t r u c t i o n o f D r s . W h i t n e y a n d l l u s r u n , of t e a s alPtlinted t o locate the land, sell the same, and Yates County, and received h i s d i p l o m a f r o m t h e e x p e n d t h e proceeds. I n earlier years the D o c t o r Medical Society o f that county. I l e practiced there w a s a Democrat i n politics, b u t d i ff e r i n g w i t h t h e until 1836, when he came to the Te r r i t o r y o f M i c h i - m a j o r i t y o f t h a t p a r t y on t h e slavery question, he gen with a view of locating permanently. H e bought j o i n e d the R e p u b l i c a n party on i t s f o r m a t i o n , and eighty acres o f land o f his father, b u t in t h e fall o f h a s since b e e n a firm s u p p o r t e r o f i t s principles. that year returned t o the Empire State and resumed D r . W i l s o n was married, Feb. 9, 1834, to Miss Mary the practice o f h i s profession i n Yates C o u n t y, re- S p r o u t s , w h o was b o r n i n N e w J e r s e y. D e c . 2 5 , siding there u n t i l 1839, when. accompanied b y his 1 8 1 0 . I l e r pareets. James a n d Corselets Sprouts, wife a n d o n e child ( o u r subject). h e again c a m e m o v e d f r o m N e w Jersey t o New Yo r k State, where to M i c h i g a n . T h e journey was m a d e nevus L a k e t h e y spent t h e i r last years. D r . a n d M r s . Wilson Erie from Buffalo to Monroe, then w i t h a one-horse w e r e the parents o f t w o children, o u r s u b j e c t and wagon t o U n i o n C i t y, B r a n c h C o u n t y, where h e M a r i o n . T h e latter is the wife o f A l l e n A . A b b o t t . located a n d commenced t h e practice o f h i s p r o - o f Allegan C o u n t y, Mich. M r s . Wilson, who was a fession. being one o f the earliest pioneer physicians m o s t l o v i n g w i f e a n d k i n d a n d d e v o t e d m o t h e r, of this county. I n A u g u s t o f t h a t year h i s father ' l i e d Oct. 6 . 1879. flied. and it became necessary• f o r him t o remove t o J a m e s I t . W i l s o n , o f w h o m we write, was in leis Ovid t o care f o r h i s m o t h e r. I l e settled see the f o u r t h y e a r when h i s parents came t o M i c h i g a n . homestead, and f o r a few years managed t h e f a r m a n d remembers well the incidents o f pioneer life in and attended t o his (bales as a physician. F i n d i n g B r a n c h C o u n t y. I n d i a n s still occupied t h e i r origithe care t o o m u c h f o r him, h e removed t o C o l d - n a l t a u n t s , and f r e q u e n t l y called a t t h e cabins o f water, where he spent a f e w months, t h e n w e n t t o t h e w h i t e settlers; deer, w i l d t u r k e y s a n d o t h e r Branch Village, and was there successfully engaged g a m e were abundant, a n d f u r n i s h e d food f o r t h e as a practitioner o f medicine f o r two or three years. i n h a b i t a n t s . O u r subject received h i s rudimentary Returning t o O v i d , D r . Wilson settled o n section e d u c a t ' i n the pioneer schools, and being a scholar 18, where he had previously b o u g h t eighty acres o f o f great intellectual attainments, was afterward sent timber land, and a f t e r clearing a space h e corn. t o H i l l s d a l e College, where h e was a student the meneed the erefition o f a house. I t was h i s desire f i r s t t e r m o f sehnol taught in that institution. D e r alo--0-41es �190 BRANCH C O U N T Y. ing vacations and after leaving school our subject assisted i n the work o f t h e farm, living with his parents until his marriage, when he settled on the place where he now resides, opposite the old homestead on section 28. Mr. Wilson has been twice married. The maiden name of his first wife, to whom he was wedded July 4, 1867, was Maria Thompson, a native of Ohio, and daughter o f John a n d Cornelia Thompson. After a few years of happy married l i f e she passed to h e r long rest, Jan. 9, 1878. T h e second marriage of our subject was solemnized Aug. 28, 1886, he being at that time united t o Miss Annie Goble, a native of Steuben County, N. Y.. and a daughter of James and Eliza Goble. Mr. Wilson owns one of the finest farms in Branch County. consisting of 200 acres of fertile land, the greater part of which is under a high state of cultivation, and includes the old homestead o f his father. O u r subject i s a practical business man, with sound and intelligent views on all the leading topics of the day, and i s an influential citizen o f his community. I n educational affairs h e takes especial interest, and has served as school officer in his distriet, and as School Inspector. l i e has also filled acceptably t o his townsmen t h e office o f 'township Treasurer, and has represented the Limn un the County Board of Supervisors. Both Mr. Wilson and his estimable wife occupy a high social position in the community, and are justly esteemed f o r their many virtues. I n polities our subject is a true Republican, and cast his first Presidential vote for Abraham Lincoln. S—'0FIN TA G G A R T, one o f the younger farmers of Bronson Township, has spent within its limits nearly his entire life, h e having been born at the farm of his father on section 16, Jan. 20, 18411. T h e latter, David Taggart, and his wife, formerly Miss Sarah P e r r y, were among the earliest pioneers of this region, coming here i n the fall o f 1836. T h e y battled with the difficifIties around them, the elements of a new soil, ON— the inconveniences of mill and market, but by their perseverance and industry succeeded in building up a good homestead and gradually, as the country became settled up. the most tedious features of p;, neer life melted away. Our subject acquired his education mostly in the village school a t Bronson. b u t when a youth o f seventeen years entered the college at Ontario. Ind.. where he completed his studies and thereafter followed teaching during the winter seasons for about fifteen years. I n the spring of 1861. after the outbreak of the Civil War, he enlisted as a Union soldier in the 1st Michigan Infantry, serving with the first volunteers three months, and in 1862 re-enlisted. in the 67th Illinois Infantry. for the purpose of guarding prisoners at Chicago. I n 181;4 he joined the 7th Michigan Infantry f o r three years during the war, and was out i n and around the Army o f air. Potomac i n t h e 2(1 Corps, cammanded b y Gem Hancock, about one and one-half years. H e participated in the battles of Bull Run. the Wilderness. Hatches' Run, the siege o f Petersburg. and m e t the enemy in numerous other minor engagements and skirmishes. H e was tendered t h e office o f Orderly Sergeant but declined. W h i l e in camp in front, of Petersburg lie was clerk for the Captain, T. s. Benham, whom lie assisted in making muster rolls and description lists. A f t e r the surrender o f the Confederate forces he was mustered out at Jackson. M i r k , July 5, 1865, mut on the 34 of October following was united i n marriage with Miss Alma similes, o f Hanover. Jackson County. this State. Mrs. Taggart was burn Jan. 24. 1849. i u Jackson County, Mich.. and i s the daughter o f Jacob and Harriet (Gifford) Smacks. who were natives o f Canada and Vermont respectively. and are now de'eased. M r s . T. acquired her education in the d:-. Islet school and remained with her parents until her marriage. Our subject and his wife commenced the journey of l i f e together i n Bronson Township, and t h e household circle was completed b y the birth of six children: Frederick W. died a t the age o f eight years: Frances Marian is at home; Lena Lee died when about one year old; Sarah Louise. John and Grace May are all at home. T h e homestead of our subject includes sixty ;sere• o f land under a • --** 4 ��11) 4. 192 B R A N C H Michigan and made a settlement in Batavia Township, where Mrs. Leet and her noble husband, John L. Leet, both passed away, ripe in years and honora. A brother of Mrs. Adeline Bassett, Mortimer D . Roberta, was but six months old when his mother riled. and he was afterward given by his father to a mini by the name of Eals, who was to care f o r him fur some years b u t was not t o adopt him. T h e foster father, however, abducted the child and took him to Philadelphia, where the father lust all trace of both. T h e y subsequently removed t o Minnesota, where Mortimer grew t o manhood, and after serving through the late Rebellion. married and settled down to farm life, all t h e whde supposing that he was the son of ME. Eats. B u t the anxious father never gave up hope, and a t length, learning through a friend the address o f the Eals family. instituted a search, and finally found his long-lost son. T h e r e was great rejoicing over this reunion, and he was rewarded for his efforts by having his son return with him to Batavia Township, where lie still resides. Our subject and his wife at once etigaged in farming in Batavia Township, where Mr. II. secured a tract of 12t) acres of land, which is still owned 1py Mrs. Bassett. and there spent the remainder o f his life. T h e y became the parents o f two children: Ida, the wife o f Thomas Reading, residing on a farm in Bethel Township. and Elmer .1., who took to wife Edna Sheldon, o f Matteson 'Township, and is now operating the homestead. I n addition t o general farming he makes the breeding o f horses a specialty, mid owns " Minnesota Jack," a Clydesdale horse and a very valuable animal, I l e owns another welibred animal, "Adieure,” o f trotting stock, which is stout and active, and gives promise of developing into a fast horse. r li..NRY H . BOWERS, a leading citizen o f Butler Township, is regarded as one of the must intelligent and enterprising farmers of Branch County. H e is a native o f Michigan, born in Salem Township, Washtenaw County, Oct. 25, 11437. H i s parents were among the early COUNTY. pioneers of Southern Michigan. H i s father, Henry Bowers. was born i n N e w Yo r k C i t y, and was a descendant of an old English family. l i e belonged to the New York Militia when lie was a young man. and his son Henry has in his possession a desk and manual of arms which he used o f general training_ lie married Miss June Vangiesen. who came of au olrl I)utch family that settled i n New York State in early Colonial times, and h e r paternal grandfather was a Revolutionary soldier. M r . and Mrs. Bowers settled in Genesee County, N. Y.. where he was engaged as a carpenter f o r several years. I n I f432 they removed with their family to Michigan. This was in territorial days. and the southern part of this great commonwealth was then mostly covered with the dense growth of the primeval forests. and with wild prairies and swamps, and few and far between were the settlements of small towns. They located lira! i u Wayne Ct y , b u t after farming there two years M r. Bowers concluded t o sell out :mil move to NVaslitenaw County, where be bought a large tract o f 240 acres o f land, and made his home until his death, in April, 1878, at the age of eighty years and six months. T h e mother of our subject died in March, I 88ti. aged eighty-six years. These venerable people were held i n the highest honor and esteem b y those about them, to whom they had endeared themselves by innumerable acts• of neighborly kindness, and the help that they had always so willingly extended t o those i n need o r trouble. T h e y were the parents o f s i x children. four of whom are now living; their names, arc as follows: Elizabeth M.. Charles E.. Susan C., John S., Henry II. and Viola A. Our subject grew lilt on his father's farm, and began t o work and attend school a t an early age. The educational facilities of his native town were very good, and as he was ambitious to gain a sound education. h e availed himself o f a l l t h e opportunities to attend school that fell in his way. When he was twenty-one years of age, i n I 858, he came to Butler Township, b u t after staying here s i x months, he returned to the old homestead in Washtenaw County. t o assist his father in the management of his extensive farming interests, remaining with him f o r twelve years. I n 1 8 ; 0 Mr. Bowers again came t o Branch Comity, and on the I:1th of - - e l i e �BRANCH C O U N T Y. 1 9 3 to their country was well proved by their conduct in the late Rebellion, when the regiments of Michigan were distinguished on the field o f battle f o r their ninny heroic and daring deeds, and for faithful service throughout the entire war. In the subject of our sketch we have a line representative o f the class o f citizens mentioned. I l e has f o r several years been extensively identified with the lumber interests of Branch County, Ovid Township being the scat of his business. I l e was born Aug. :10, 1834, i n the city of Adrian. Lena• wee County. of which his father was an early settler. H i s grandfather, Lewis Wahlren, was f o r many years a resident o f Vermont, hut in 1844 he took up his abode i n Peoria, I i i . , and, so f a r as known, spent his last years there. T h e parents o f our subject, :Joseph and Elizabeth (Pound) Wa l dren, were natives respectively o f Vermont and New Jersey, and the latter was a daughter of Jacob and Elizabeth (Wright) Pound, likewise natives of New .Jersey. T h e father of o u r subject was b u t thirteen years old when he started o u t into t h e world to fight life's battles on his own responsibility, and soon found himself in Cattaraugus County, N. V., a stranger i n a strange land, b u t lie shortly found employment whereby lie was enabled to earn his own living. H e married and lived there until 18:30, when he came with his family t o the Te r r i tory of Michigan, he and his brother-in-law cowing by way of Lake Erie with the household goods, and their families coming with teams. They stopped four miles south of Adrian, and the father o f o u r subject bought forty acres of land, built a log house, and commenced lu clear away the trees to prepare M I S C. WALDREN. T h e citizens native for the tilling of the soil. H e lived there twoyears, to the soil of Southern Michigan, reared i n then sold and moved to the village, where he enpioneer homes. inheriting the stern virtues gaged in the grocery busines.s, being the first one f brave sires, who dauntlemly faced the perils o f unknown wilderness that they might be enabled to establish himself in that T h i s was in t h e ver• earliest days of the settlement o f Southern provide more substantially f o r their children. ave slow for many years borne a prominent part in Michigan, and the country was in a primitive condition, having no indications of i t s present wealth re agriculture!. commercial and manufacturing inand importance. ' t h e r e were no railways, and a l l .crests of the State; they are public-spirited. ever his goods were drawn from Toledo with teem. M r . zealous in promoting the welfare of the community in which they reside, and as members o f the body Waldren continued i n business in that city until 1838, when h e went to Tecumseh and Imilt a gr... politic of the commonwealth o f Michigan, they ar.. p1 of her high standing among her sister States. cery store, which, after managing a few months. he sold and went to Cambridge. I l e l i o n & a Nov. It* t h a t they are not larking iu latriotism and devotion 4, 41. May was united in marriage with Miss Orissa Rosecrnntz ( f o r h e r parental history see sketch o f Richard Rosecrantz). She presides over their happy home with the grace, true hospitality and culture of the perfect lady, and renders i t very attractive to many outside of the home circle. T w o pretty and intelligent children complete t h e household, Rena and Viola, both o f whom are a t home, the former attending school. M r . and Mrs. Bowers are the owners of 120 acres of land, and he has erected a commodious house and i s building a large barn, 110x30, for cattle and sheep. and has b u i l t a fine horse barn, corn house and t o o l house, and has made other good improvements. l l i s farm i s well kept and shows the constant care o f the owner. Mr. Bowers has been very successful i n his agricultural ventures, and is now in good circumstances and can enjoy life and its pleasures. l i e is in every respect a manly. whole-souled, free-hearted man, and is universally esteemed. H e is a thoroughly good citizen, and takes au eaniest interest in promoting the welfare of Butler Township, anti has done good service as School Director and Highway Commissioner. I n politics h e has always stood with the Republican party. casting his first vote for Abraham Lincoln when he was first elected to the Presidency. - 410 �194 1 a. B R A N C H mill, or an interest in it, in that place, and was engaged in the manufacture of lumber for three years, and at the expiration o f t h a t time he turned his attention to farming. M o v i n g to3ackson Comity, he purchased a farm, on which h e lived, with the exception of three years, until 11158. I n that year he came to Ovid Township and bought a tract o f land, with good water-power and sawmill, and resided here until his death, in March, 186-1. I l e was much missed i n this community. as he had been esteemed a good citizen, being a man of enterprise, energy, and strict integrity. T h e goo(' wife, who had shared his pioneer labors, and had always devoted herself to the highest interests of her family. died on the home farm in November, 1875. There were five children born of their marriage, of whom the following is recorded: Levi lives in Alagnnsee Township; Phebe is the wife of J. L . Maxon. o f Ovid Township; Leroy died at the age of lifteee; Lewis C.; Loren lives in Ovid Township. Lewis C. WaWren was eightyears of age when lie went to Jackson County w i t h his parents, mid he completed in the schools of that county the education begun in the early schools of Lenawee County. As soon as large enough. his father required his services in his business, and in the farm work. I l e lived in the home of his parents until a year before his marriage, and in the year of his marriage he came to Branch County and rented a farm i n Algansee Township, and was there very profitably engaged in farming operations when the war broke out, and in the second year of the Rebellion, when all looked dark and doubtful, and the fate of this great Nation seemed trembling in the balance, he laid aside his work. prepared, if needful, to sacrifice his all in the cause of his country, anti o n the 7th o f August. 1862, enlisted i n Company I L 19th Michigan I n fantry, marched t o the front, and served until the last battle was (ought, anti the cruel war was over. lie was in the battle of spring 11111, Mardi 5,186:1. and was captured and imprisoned i n Libby Prison for a few days, and after being in the hands o f the rebels a few weeks, was exchanged and joined Sherman's army a t Chattanooga. H e was under that famous General in his celebrated mare!' from A t lanta to the sea, thence upward through the Carolinas. still on to Richmond, and then to Washington, COUNTY. where he took part in the grand review. H e was honorably discharged from service June 10. 186.5. and on his return home entered i n t o the lumber business with two of his brothers. I n 1869 t h e y rompleted a large steam sawmill a t an expense o f .'3,090, b u t on t h e 29th of January, 1872, that building was destroyed by fire. awl then the present mill was built. T h e y are doing an extensive business, anti have made a great financial success of i t . Mr. WaWren has been twice married. H i s first marriage took place in 1859, at which time he was united to Miss Sarah P o t t e r , a native o f N e w York State, and laughter of 61.01frey and Lavinia Vanderecruki Potter. A f t e r a f e w years o f a pleasant married life. Mrs. 1Valdren died. April 29, 1866. T h e second marriage of our subject was t o Miss sarah E. Jordan, who was lioru i n Alg,ausee. Branch County. T o her and h e r bubblied have been born two children: L i l l i e K , wife o f John McMurray, of California, and VerneJ. T h e r e were two children of the limt marriage, who died in i u fa▶tcy. M r . and Mrs. ‘Valdren have a very pleasant home, to which ninny friends are attracted L s the generous hospitality extended t o them by the genial anti courteous host and hostess. The extensive business interests o f o u r subject have brought him a wide acquaintance throughout Breech and adjoining counties, and wherever known he has acquired a tine reputation as a straightforward man. whose dealings are conducted on strictly honorable principles, and his frank, manly bearing has made him hosts of warm friends. Socially, h e is a member of Butterworth Post No. 109. G . A . R.; politically, his record will show that he has been a stanch Republican since he crossed the Ohio River into Kentucky to subdue the enemy opposing the Union, and trying tot pull down the glorious slats and stripes. ANIE1, TICE. who is numbered among the early pioneers of Branch County. pitched his tent here when a young man twenty-cure years of age. I l e hail come with his parents t o Michigan when a lad of nine years, they 1, prating i u S t . J u b e i i i i C o m i t y . w h e r e h e s p e n t h i , ---11110 �•01—* BRANCH C O U N T Y. • 4 195 4 earilier years. H e was taught habits of industry all of the daughters are deceased. F r a n k B . , who when a boy. and after coming t o this county em- is at home, was born A u g . 24, 1869; Warren M . , ployed himself w i t h a breaking team which was at home, was born July 3, 1872, and Oran D.. April much in demand in those days. 25, 18:5. M r . Tice supports the Republican ticket. After the outbreak of the Rebellion, our subject, Ile has been District Assessor twelve years. H e Feb. 9, 1864, enlisted in the 12th Michigan Infantry, belongs to the Masonic fraternity, the (I. A. R. and and served until after the close of the war, being I. 0. 0. F. mustered out at Camden. Ark.. Feb. 15, 186G. H i s regiment was assigned t o the Western army. and ENRY sISCO, after a well-spent life o f aldid a great de d of skirmishing. protecting railroads, most fourscore years, during which be has were o n guard d u t y, and frequently made l o n g witnessed and contributed his f u l l quota and wearisome marches. U p o n one occasion they toward the marvelous transformation which marched forty-eight miles in t w o clays as guard t o Gen. Steele, and i n the year's time estimated they has taken place in Southern Michigan, is now 111Vhad traveled 3,000 miles un foot. T h e y frequently pared to spend the evening of his life retired on his met the enemy, but in their encounters our subject farm on section 22, Union Township. fortunately escaped unharmed. F o u r men o f his Mr. Sisco was horn in Tr o y, Vt., Sept. 28, 1810. regiment died of wounds, and 109 of disease. and was reared in his native place, remaining until Our subject was born i n Catlin, Cherming Co.. he reached the age of twenty-seven years. l i e was N. Y., Feb. 16, 1833, and is the son o f Jonathan reared to farm pursuits, which he has followrd a l l C. and Pliebe (Styles) Tice, who were also natives his life with a good measure of success. I n 1836, of the Empire State, the father of German descent resolving to try his fortune in the growing West. and the mother of English. T h e y came to MichiMr. Sisco started f o r Michigan, and i n t h e early zan in 1842, settling in St. Joseph County, where part of September he arrived i n Branch County, the father occupied himself as a pioneer agriculturand purchased eighty acres of timber land on secist., and where his death took place i n December, tion 22, Union Township, from which nota tree had 1862. T h e mother survived her husband a period been cut. Deer and all kinds of small game were to of eighteen years, and died at the home of her son lie had in abundance, while the wolf and bear still in Lagrange County. Incl., i n April. 1880. T h e y prowled around the pioneer cabin, and made occawere the parents o f ten children, three of whom sional nocturnal excursions to the poultry yard o r died in infancy, and t w o sons died i n the army. the hog pen. M r . siseo erected a log house, and Those surviving are residents of Michigan, Indiana at once engaged i n the clearing of land. G l o o m y and California. O u r subject when twenty-seven as was the outlook lie was not discouraged, and his years of age was married in Bethel Township, April energy and perseverance were ultimately rewarded. :, 1860, to Miss Nilsen M. Johnson, who was burn as the forest fell before his stalwart arm, and gave in that township, Feb. 16.1843, and is the daughter place to smiling fields, producing luxuriant crops, and affording grazing ground fur superior domestic of Morgan and Abigail (Husic) Johnson, natives animals. H e brought all his land under the plow, respectively of New York and Rhode Island. T h e y were of Holland-Dutch ancestry; the father was one and the log cabin gave place to a commodious farmof a family of seventeen children. M r . and Mrs. . house, which i s now occupied by himself and his son. The farm is supplied with suitable outbuildJohnson were the parents of eight children, four of ings and good agricultural implementa,which enables whom are living. T h e father died i n Nebraska, him to keep abreast of this progressive age. 1) t. 1 s 4 : 7 . T h e mother is still living, and a t The marriage of our subject with Miss Lucy Lusk present residing in Hillsdale County. was celebrated i n Marengo, Calhoun Co.. Mich. Mr. and Mrs. Tice eonimenced the j4iurney of life together on their present farm, and became parents Mrs. Sisco was a native of die Empire State, and her union with out subject resulted i n the birth o f ..f - i s soil. s a l !firer daughters. T h r e e sons and 4 0 4 �106 B R A N C H four children; only two o f whom, however, lived to m a t u r i t y — L o v i n a and W i l l i a m . L o v i n a died when about nineteen years o f age, and W i l l i a m is married and resides i n U n i o n To w n s h i p w i t h h i s f a t h e r. A f t e r nobly assisting h e r husband i n his l i f e w o r k by h e r womanly counsel and assistance, Mrs. sisco was called to her reward, d y i n g at the homestead in 18714. In polities M r. Sista, is identified w i t h the Democratic p a r t y, t o which he has given a l i f e l o n g s u p port. H e h a s a l w a y s been a w o r t h y a n d h i g h l y respected m a n , a d h e r i n g t o t h e G o l d e n R u l e o f doing t o others as h e would b e d o n e l i v, and h a s thus gained the approbation o f a l l w h o h a v e t h e pleasure o f his acquaintance. j 1 OEL S A N D E R S O N . t h e father o f 4:corgi. 1 W . Sanderson, whose b i o g r a p h y i s f o u n d upon t h e f o l l o w i n g page, was b o r n i n t h e town o f B r o o k f i e l d , O r a n g e C o . , V t . , l i c e . 26, 1816. l i e i s t h e son o f .lames a n d Reheetai ( H o v e y ) Sanderson. H i s father enjoyed the distinction of being the first white male child born in Wo o d stock o f t h e same State. T h e mother was a native of the town o f Canterbury. Conn. T h e y were married a t L y m e . N . H . . and i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r w a r d established their residence at Woodstock. H i s occult:aim) w a s t h a t o f f a r m i n g , a n d considering t h e comparative crudeness o f i m p l e m e n t s a n d l a c k o f what would now b e considered indispensable m a chinery. he was very prosperous. I n the year 1828 the f a m i l y r e m o v e d t o H u r o n C o u n t y, Ohio, b u t they had n o t been l o n g settled i n t h e i r n e w h o m e before they were called u p o n t o bid a last farewell to the husband a n d f a t h e r, who w a s removed b y death u p o n the 2d o f September o f t h e same year. The f a m i l y c i r c l e included t e n c h i l d r e n . of w h o m Joel, o u r subject. was the youngest. In those days o f pioneerism every member of the family helped t o c a r r y the general burden. E a c h one had h i s work, which w a s increased i n v a r i e t y and i m p o r t a n c e i n d i r e c t r a t i o t o h i s advancing strength and experience, so t h a t when the death o f his father occurred our subject was in a large IllefISM I' 1110.1)3317d f l i t - 1.1111 struggle o f l i f e . N . A . lung C O U N T Y. after that event b e b e g a n t o w o r k o u t , elthuogii only about twelve years o f age. T h e remuneration MIS of course small. b u t e v e r y l i t t l e was needed. D u r i n g t h e w i n t e r m o n t h s h e w o u l d w o r k f o r his hoard w i t h t h e p r i v i l e g e o f a t t e n d i n g echool, and thus was enabled t o gain admission into the mystic. hallowed circle o f mental culture and development. where is the t r u e growth o f the tutor. I n Chinleborough, Somerset, England. was b u r n . upon t h e 1 I th o f A u g u s t , 1 8 1 6 , t o Thomas a n d A n n (Ptirehase) L e g g , a daughter, who was christened M a r y A n n . T h i s f a m i l y afterward came t o the United States. and settled i l l the neighborhood of (tor sidijeet's home. A n acqiinintance which was funned b y t h e y o u n g people was happily consult:. mated b y t h e i r marriage upon t h e 5 t h o f A u g u s t . 1842. A s the years rolled b y the portals of their home were opened t o receive told welcome eight children. whose names a r e r e c o r d e d as follows: G e o r g e W. , James, A . . Rebeeca, Eve, Asenath and Charlotte. Tw o years after h i s marriage M r . NUItlerS011 r e moved f r o m h i s rented f a r m in S t . Joseph C o u n t y to L a g r a n g e C o u n t y, I n d . , and there purchased a farm i n Greenfield To w n s h i p . U p o n t h i s h e w i t nessed a succession o f happy and prosperous years. until 1860, when he purelutsed a n o t h e r f a r m i n sit adjoining township. which comprised 2 8 0 acres o f well-improved, tillable land, and there he continues to make his home w i t h h e r w h o has been h i s l i f e companion, and whose presence. counsel and affection have been the brightness and inspiration o f his life. O u r subject has not been prominent in c i v i c matters, n o r w h a t i s k n o w n a s a p o l i t i c i a n , b u t has consistently supported the Republican party and d e posited his ballot i n its interest. H e has held v a r i ous official positions i n t h e t o w n s h i p a n d c o u n t y. lie h a s a l s o b e e n c o n n e c t e d w i t h t h e 2 4 O h i o Milita, i n which h e was p r o m o t e d , and served f o r a considerable period a s M a j o r. H i s intluenee has always been on the side o f g o o d m o r a l s a n d patriotic citizenship, and b y t h i s i s m e a n t such c h a r acter, m a n l y bearing and honor. as w i l l reflect must creditably upt2u one's State, and c o u n t r y, also, and ns a necessary p a r t o f t h e above, the willingness t o Amid i n Ilit• defense o f t h e same whelk called upoli. ��RESIDENCE OF S. M GO LDEN,SEC. 2T. QUINCY TOWNSHIP. ��B R A N C H C O U N T Y. and second Horse Detective Association, of Quincy-, and s t i l l belongs t o t h a t organization. I n h i s political relations he associates with the 1)cmocrats. A view of M r. Golden's home place is presented in this connection. j F j O H N H . V A N O R T H W I C K . T h e home of the subject o f this biography i s noticeable , a m o n g t h e farms o n section 7 . i n Quincy Township. for t h e neatness which has been exercised in its completion and the judicious management o f the land, which has been brought to a fine state o f cultivation. I t lies on t h e town line road between Quincy and Coldwater. I t isnot extensive, comprisirg only sixty acres, but every foot of soil has been made available, and yields perhaps as much i n n e t proceeds as many farms o f larger acreage. I t was purchased by its present owner in 1863. since which time be has given to i t his entire attention, with t h e excellent results already i n d i cated. The residence of M r. Van Orthwiek in this county dates from 1853. H e first opened h i s eyes t o the light in Seneca County, N . Y. . N o v. 1 3 . 1 8 2 0 . and is the son o f Simeon and Peraina (Traverse) Va n Orthwick, w h o w e r e also natives o f t h e E m p i r e State. H i s paternal gran-limber, Isaac Va n Orthwick, came from N e w Jersey and settled in Seneca County, N . Y. . where h e spent his last days. H i s son Simeon sustained the reputation o f the family for agricultural pursuits, in which h e engaged a l l his life. and d i e d i n Seneca C o u n t y a b o u t I $ 3 3 . when middle-aged, leaving four children, of whom John I I . . our subject. was the eldest. T h e mother was subsequently married to Thomas Johnson. and or this union there were also born f o u r children: Minor. L u k e and L u t h e r (twins), and a daughter. These are a l l deceased. .Joseph R . . the younger brother o f our subject, and n o w deceased, was a resident o f Hillsdale C o u n t y. this State; Aaron A . resides in Butler Township. this county, and M a r y Jane is still single and makes h e r home with her brothers. The subject o f this sketch acquired a common. school education, anti l i v e d with his pnrents on the 2 0 1 farm in N e w Yo r k until the spring of 1844. I l e was thew m a r r i e d . M a r c h 1 8 o f t h a t y e a r, t o M i s s Susan Brickley, who was horn in Schuyler C o u n t y, N. Y . . in 182G, and is t h e daughter of Jacob and Rachel Brickley, who were natives o f N e w Yo r k , and are now dead. T h e y o u n g people continued their residence in their native State nine years after their marriage a n d u n t i l 1 8 5 3 , when t h e y came to Michigan and first settled n e a r t h e c i t y o f Coldwater, where o u r subject purchased s i x t y acres of improved l a n d , which h e operated several years, then, selling out, he removed to his present farm. Mr. and Mrs. Vat, Orthwiek have n u children o f their own. but have performed the part o f parents to several others whom they reared t o become good citizens. O u r subject cast his first Presidential vote for Clay, and was a member of the old W h i g party until its abandonment- S i n c e that time lie has affiliated with t h e Republicans. H e is a man o f e x cellent business capacities. and l i a s officiated a s administrator upon several estates, besides holding other positions of trust and responsibility. B o t h he and his estimable wife are members in good standing of t h e Methodist Episcopal Church, at Coldwater, having been connected w i t h t h i s denomination for nearly h a l f a century. M r . Va n Orthwiek for many y e a r s l a b o r e d f a i t h f u l l y as Sunday-school teacher and Superintendent, but the failure o f his eyesight compelled him to resign the work in which he was so deeply interested. I n his community he ranks among its representative men, being prompt to meet his obligations, upright and correct in his business transactions. and i n a l l respects fulfilling the ideal of an honest man and a good citizen. A M t I E L .1. K N O W L E S is a n old and r e spected citizen o f B u t l e r Township, who by indomitable and persistent energy has worked his way up from poverty and o b scurity to his present prominent position as one o f the ablest men o f the community i n which h e r e sides. W h e n h e came t o Michigan i n the winter of 1 8 5 6 - 5 7 a l l o f h i s worldly possessions w e r e comprised i n a suit o f clothes. a ride, and $15 in money, but he h a d youth, health and strength in db. �. . a Y0: B R A N C H his f a v o r, and was n o t u n w i l l i n g t o work f o r w h a t he desired. l i e soon found employmentat cabinetmaking at Knowles' m i l l . Butler 'I ownship, working at t h a t trade (or a period o f seven years. H i s first purchase o f laud consisted o f one-fourth of an acre, and since then b e h a s a d d e d v a r i o u s a m o u n t s i n different purchases. b u y i n g eighty acres at one time, and has cleared o v e r 100 acres himself. H i s f a r m now comprises 145 acres. most desirably located on sections 28 and 33, and b y his skill and good management i t has become h i g h l y p r o d u c t i v e . a n d i s considered one of the finest pieces of property in the vicinity. Our s u b j e c t w a s b o r n i n F a r n h a m To w n s h i p . Brome C o u n t y, Province o f Quebec. Canada, N o v. 17, 1827, b u t he comes o f N e w E n g l a n d ancestry. his father. D a v i d Knowles, having been a native o f Vermont. T h e m o t h e r o f o u r subject was b u r n close t o the banks o f the beautiful Hudson, iu N e w Yo r k . B o t h she a n d h e r husband w e r e q u a k e r ministers, being classed among those noble-hearted. self-sacrificing people who devote their l i v e s t o relieving the misery and needs. both spiritual and physical, o f the human race. T h e y traveled extensively on t h e i r mission o f doing good, a n d especially d i d they labor among the Indians. A t one t i m e t h e y visited t h e I n d i a n Te r r i t o r y, i n company- w i t h Simon D. H a r v e y. and w o r k e d a m o n g t h e Cherokees. A f t e r an absence o f eighteen months in t h a t region, t h e y r e t u r n e d t o t h e i r Canadian h o m e i n Brume County, and t h e m o t h e r, b r o k e n d u w n i n health f r o m close application t o h e r philanthropic schemes f o r the elevation o f t h e r e d man, became an i n v a l i d , and six y e a r s later died, in June, 1848, at the age o f f o r t y - n i n e years. B u t i n h e r d e a t h she was n o t divided f r o m her husband, w i t h whom she had so f a i t h f u l l y and nobly labored, for l i e had departed this life t w o weeks previously in the same month, a t the age o f forty-seven years, he h a v i n g just returned f r o m a n e x t e n s i v e mission t r i p t o Ohio, w i t h his own team. T h u s , though their lives were brief as measured by years, they had been productive o f great good. and were rich in noble deeds. They were t h e parents o f f i v e c h i l d r e a . f o u r o f whom grew t o m a t u r i t y, t w o sons and t w o d a u g h ters. Samuel Knowles was the second child and oldest C O U N T Y. son born t o his parents. H e w a s educated i n t h e common schools o f Cattails, and s o u n d p r i n c i p l e s and good habits were early inculcated b y h i s wise parents, who taught h i m t o walk in the path o f honesty, sobriety and i n d u s t r y, i f he w o u l d succeed i n life. H i s early years w e r e f r a u g h t w i t h privations and m i s f o r t u n e s , b u t w i t h the hope and b u o y a n c y of youth. he rose superior to them all. and steadily labored o n his father's farm, a n d also worked o u t fur t w o seasons b e f o r e h e attained h i s m a j o r i t y. finding employment in the State o f Vermont.. A t the age o f twenty-one he suffered the Iola o f b o t h his latrents, which was a severe M u l e t o h i m . I n Iris twenty-second y e a r he was married to Miss Hannah M . H a l l , also a Canadian b y birth. h u t a f t e r a few years o f happiness she died, leaving t w o children, George D . mid H o w a r d A . , t h e l a t t e r d y i n g in the mune year as herself. M r s . K n o w l e s d e a t h occurred N o v. 12, 1856. at the age o f t w e n t y - f o u r. A f t e r marriage o u r s u b j e c t w a s q u i t e successf u l l y engaged i n the manufacture o f b u i l d i n g m a terial f o r some time, b u t after the sad d e a t h o f his wife. he abandoned d i n t business. a n d l e a v i n g h i s son George w i t h h i s grandparents. h e t u r n e d h i s face toward NI ichigan. intending, e vs.sistua l y a . l s .pt his early calling on the rich and f e r t i l e soil o f t h i s State. W e have already t o l d o f his great success as a farmer. and there is b u t l i t t l e l e f t t o say. except that h e has erected a g o o d d w e l l i n g , and has p r o vided a g o o d h o m e . in w h i c h h e and h i s amiable wife a r e e n j o y i n g t h e comforts a n d pleasures o f life. M r . Knowles has a fine flock o f sheep. t h o r oughbred A n i t a lean M e r i n o . w i t h a thoroughbred registered ram. John B o l l , at the head o f t h e flock. Our subject is a man of enterprise, and b y no means confines himself wholly t o agricultural pursuits, b u t is also engaged i n operating a s a w m i l l , w h i c h has a capacity o f sawing 100.000 feet of lumber yearly. In M a r c h , 1859, M r . K n o w l e s m a d e a n extended trip to Pike's Peak, and w a s gone f r o m home u n t i l the f o l l o w i n g June. Isis j o u r n e y across t h e p l a i n s before the era o f railways in t h a t part o f t h e country furnishing him w i t h m a n y c u r i o u s experiences which would be o f g r e a t interest t o our readers, i f the limited space o f this biography would p e r m i t us till touiscrille his adventures. Mr. Knowles' second marriage, which t o o k place �4. B R A N C H C O U N T Y. Dec. 28, 1857. was t o Sophronia J. C u s i c k . d a u g h ter o f D a v i d and M a r y H . Cusick. S h e is a f a i t h ful member o f the Christian Church, and i s g r e a t l y esteemed. M r . a n d M r s . C u s i c k o w n e d s e v e n t y acres i n Q u i n c y To w n s h i p ; h e died o n t h e h o m e stead i n January. 1888, at the age o f eighty years, his wife having preceded him i n 1879, a t the age of sixty-three years. T h e y were t h e parents o f n i n e children, s i x sons a n d t h r e e daughters, o f w h o m Mrs. Knowles. the f o u r t h child, was h o r n O c t . 1 8 . 1839, i n Medina C o u n t y, Ohio. M r . Knowles' son, George D . , a youth o f m u c h p r o m i s e , j o i n e d h i s father in Michigan, after he had established a home, and d i e d March 22. 1873. at the age of twenty-one. Mr. Knowles is a man o f g o o d a b i l i t y, is prompt and systematic in his business habits, is earnest and thoughtful i n h i s feelings, and h i s r e p u t a t i o n i s without blemish. i n p o l i t i e s he i s h o u n d t o n o party. believing i n t h e m o n l y s o f a r as t h e y a r e necessary t o b r i n g about needed legislation and r e bran ; he a i m s to vote f u r principle, f o r r e f o r m i n finances. the sale o f l i q u o r s , etc.. and f o r m e n o f principle who w i l l endeavor t o c a r r y o u t such r e forms. A N I E L S . D U N K S , f o r m e r l y a prominent and respected pioneer o f t h i s county, was pleasantly l o c a t e d o n section 9. Sherwood Township, on a fine f a r m o f 2 0 0 acres o f valuable land. L i k e many o f t h e farmers o f t h i s section o f the c o u n t r y, he made a specialty o f stockraising and was v e r y successful i n t h i s enterprise. having some superior specimens of domestic animals. W i t h a neat and substantial residence and eineuninli. ens a n d c o n v e n i e n t o u t -buildings f o r sheltering his shock and storing the products o f h i s farm. M r. Dunks was well equipped f o r t h e successful prosecution o f h i s calling. H i s last sickness was spinal and brain fever. which s o deranged his mind as t o cause h i m t c o m m i t suicide b y d r o w n i n g h i m s e l f in the S t . Joseph, s h o u t a m i l e d i s t a n t f r o m h i s home. A p r i l 21. 1877. The s u b j e c t o f t h i s biographical sketch was a + n a t i v e o f t h e E m p i r e State. and first saw the l i g h t 2 0 3 in E a s t B l o o m f i e l d , O n t a r i o C o u n t y, J a n . 2 1 , 1810. D e t e r m i n i n g to cast his lot w i t h the pioneers of the i n f a n t State o f M i c h i g a n . M r . D u n k s b a d e good- b y t o his childhood's home i n 1838, and coining to this county settled in the t o w n s h i p o f U n i o n . Ile was one o f t h e first w h i t e settlers o f this p l a c e , while yet nature reigned unmolested b y the pioneer's ax, and the denizens o f t h e f o r e s t h a d n o t h i n g t o fear f r o m t h e huntsman's rifle. M r . D u n k s w a s obliged t o walk t h r e e a n d a h a l f m i l e s , m o r n i n g anti night, while engaged i n b u i l d i n g a house f u r the reception o f his f a m i l y, and d u r i n g these walks he was much annoyed b y t h e ubiquitous mosquito, and h e was frequently obliged t o carry w i t h h i m a whisk o f boughs. and brush them off as he ran to try to leave them behind. B u t his was n o t the courage to be intimidated by such obstacles, and being shrewd enough t o p r e d i c t t o some e x t e n t the magnificent future o f S o u t h e r n M i c h i g a n . h e k e p t in v i e w t h e goal, anti his efforts were crowned w i t h that success which constant and well-directed effort seldom fails to bring. The subject of o u r sketch was united in marriage, Jan. 2 8 , 1 8 3 6 . i n W e s t B l o o m f i e l d . N . Y. , w i t h A l m i r a E . Saunders, w h o w a s b o r n i n N i a g a r a County. N . Y. . Feb. 11. 1816. M r s . D u n k s spent the first twelve years of her life in her native county. receiving her education i n i t s p u b l i c schools, a n d then removed t o Ontario County i n the same State. Tw o years after their marriage they migrated to this Mate, a n d c o r d i a l l y united t h e i r endeavors t o se1c u r e f o r themselves anti t h e i r c h i l d r e n a heritage among the enterprising people o f this section. The union o f M r . a n d Mrs. D u n k s was blessed by t h e b i r t h o f f o u r children, t h r e e sons and one daughter, w h o a r e recorded as f o l l o w s : W i l l i a m C. w a s b o r n F e b . 1 3 , 1838, a t K e n d a l l . Orleans Co., N . Y. ; h e was horn a h e a l t h y c h i l d , h u t sustained a stroke o f paralysis o f t h e l e f t side, w h e n six years o f age, caused b y a n accident, a n d has since been p a r t i a l l y c r i p p l e d . H e ss a physicist) of t h e hounepathic school a n d resides i n U n i o n C i t y. O l i v e r S. was born Jan. 30, 1843, and has for twenty years been an inmate o f the Asylum for the Insane at Kalamazoo; J u l i u s S. w a s b o r n A u g I , 1846, and was united i n marriage, Dec. 19,1877, to Mary H . Bennett, and is n o w engaged i n conduct. �f i 204 B R A N C H C O U N T Y. ing t h e homestead; M a r y A . w a s b o r n S e p t . 6 , 1852. and i s at home w i t h her mother. T h e family are m e m b e r s o f t h e Congregational C h u r c h , o f Union C i t y. -Thr, I C H M O N D F. PA R K E R . a farmer o f Coldwater To w n s h i p . i s a t i n e representative \ o f the noble men o f Branch C o u n t y. who in \ r " times o f war o r in pence have e v e r p r o v e d a i l themselves t o be f a i t h f u l and loyal citizens o f t h i s great and g l o r i o u s c o u n t r y. a n d n o o n e i s m o r e worthy o f note i n this work than he. I l e can trace his descent t h r o u g h a l o n g l i n e o f notable N e w England ancestry t o one L o r d Parker, o f Macclesfield. Englaud. T h e first o f the family t o come t o America settled i n Massachusetts, a n d were m u r dered b y the Indians. T h e i r children escaped b y hiding i n t h e grass. a n d o n e o f t h e i r eliildren's children. James H. Parker. was the great-great-great, graudfather o f o u r subject, a w l the line o f descent is traced through his son M i l l e : i s . grandson E l i j a h . great-grandson S t i l e s , a n d g r e a t -great-grandson John Parker, father o f our subject. S t i l e s P a r k e r was a preacher in the Methodist Episcopal C h u r c h . Ile m a r r i e d D e m m i s C a p l e s , a n d s u b s e q u e n t l y moved f r o m t h e S t a t e o f N e w Y o r k t o S u m m i t County. Ohio, and held a pastorate i n the t o w n o f Richfield f o r some years. I l e then w e n t t o D e l a ware C o u n t y, where be died, and thus ended a g o a l and noble l i f e t h a t had unselfishly been devoted t o the m o r a l elevation o f his fellowmen. T h e g r a n d mother o f the w i f e o f our subject had the honor o f entertaining Gen. Washington a t d i n n e r o n e d a y during the Revolutionary Wa r. The father o f o u r subject was bourn i n O n t a r i o Comity. N . Y. , March I S . 1793, mid there grew t o maturity and married, in 1813, O l i v e F o s t e r, w h o was likewise t o r n i n t h a t p a r t o f N e w Yo r k . h e r birth occurring in 1796. T h e y lived f u r awhile in their native State, b a t i n t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r m i grated t o K e n t u c k y, going b y team t o Olean Point. and thence down the w i l d a n d picturesque waters of the Allegheny and O h i o Rivers on a f l a t b o a t t o Gallipolis, where they stopped a short t i m e b e f o r e p r o c e e d i n g t o Kentucky. M r . Parker was a wagon- maker, and followed t h a t trade in t h e l a t t e r s t a t e . near Elizabethtown. for ten years. H e then la-, r r a pioneer in S u m m i t C o u n t y, O h i o . where he bought a t r a c t o f l a n d w i t h a n a b u n d a n t w a t e r p o w e r. formed a partnership w i t h another man. and W i l t s sawmill, w h i c h t h e y o p e r a t e d t o g e t h e r f o r s o m e time. T w o o f his sons learned the millwright trade of him. and then they b u i l t several mills in Summit aud M e d i n a Counties. I n 1 8 4 5 M r . P a t ker s o l d all h i s business i n t e r e s t s i n O h i o a n d c a m e t o Michigan, where he had resolved t o devote himself to a g r i c u l t u r a l p u r s u i t s . H e r e n t e d x f a r m i n Wheatland, Hillsdale C o u n t y. and l i v e d there ( o u r years, and then m o v e d t o B r a n c h C o u n t y. w h e r e . in the township o f Union, h e resumed t h e l u m b e r business. H e b u i l t a sawmill there, which, however. he soon sold, and returned t o Ohio. where he lived with his children u n t i l 1860. H e t h e n c a m e b a c k to Michigau, and spent his last years in the ! a m o ( our subject, i n G i r a r d Township. d y i n g i n M a r c h . 1865. H i s good w i f e also spent her declining years with h i m i n t h e !ionic o f their sun. f l y i n g i n 1 8 7 1 . They were active. i n d u s t r i o u s people. w i t h m a n y commendable t r a i t s o f character, w h i c h w o n f u r them the respect and esteem o f all who knew them. Eleven suns and five daughters were born o f t h e i r marriage, namely : Alpheus, Huldah. Matilda, Peter. Paul, M i n e r v a . R a n s o m , M a r i l d a , W i l l i a m , J o h n , George. O l i v e r, Richmond. Silas and Cyrus (twins). and M a r t h a . A l p h e u s and Cyrus died i n i n f a t i c . The rest grew t o m a t u r i t y, and w i t h the e x c e p t i o n of Silas, married. H e served i n the l a t e Rebellion as a member o f Company B . 44th Illinois I n f a n t r y. and was killed a t t h e b a t t l e o f S t o n e R i v e r. H e was a b r a v e a n d p a t r i o t i c soldier, a n d f a i t h f u l l y served his country on the field a n d i n camp. H e was m a s t e r e d i n a s S e r g e a n t , a n d f o r g a l l a n t conduct was promoted through t h e different grades to the rank o f Captain, a n d w a s l e a d i n g h i s c o m mand t o battle whet' he was k i l l e d . The subject o f this sketch was born a t H i n c k l e y. Medina Co., O h i o , A p r i l 1 5 , 1896, a n d was n i n e years old when his parents first came t o M i c h i g a n . l i e attended t h e d i s t r i c t schools in O h i o and Michigan, and continued t o l i v e w i t h his parents until he was eighteen years old, although a great p a r t of the time lie was working away from home. A t the age of �� Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Branch County History Books Description An account of the resource Books about the history of Branch County, Michigan. Document A resource containing textual data. Note that facsimiles or images of texts are still of the genre text. Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Portrait and Biographical Album of Branch County, Michigan, 1888: containing full page portraits and biographical sketches of prominent and representative citizens of the county together with portraits and biographies of all the governors of the state and the presidents of the United States. Subject The topic of the resource Branch County (Mich.) History Description An account of the resource Portrait and Biographical Album of Branch County, Michigan, 1888: containing full page portraits and biographical sketches of prominent and representative citizens of the county together with portraits and biographies of all the governors of the state and the presidents of the United States. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Chapman Brothers Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Chapman Brothers Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 1888 Format The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource application/pdf Language A language of the resource English Type The nature or genre of the resource text Additional Item Metadata The additional item metadata element set, consisting of all item elements created by an administrator and not assigned to an item type, and item elements created by plugins and not assigned to an item type or other element set. Additionally, the metadata element set that, in addition to the Dublin Core element set, was included in the `items` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all Omeka items. Spatial Coverage Michigan Branch County (Mich.) https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/819ae55131b0fa26f9b84201f521d7b5.jpg bce74bcca1ddd49150be3e9efb6ab515 https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/896a36c1b606bacff900b43abfd178c3.png eeafd57be538347b033173c657f4c638 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union City Veteran's Park Memorial Wall Description An account of the resource <div style="float: right; margin: 10px 0 0 5px;"><img style="background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; margin: -6px 6px 6px -6px; padding: 4px;" src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_montage.jpg" alt="Veterans Wall Montage" /></div> This collection is an index of the names on the Veteran's Memorial Wall in <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=union+city+michigan&ll=42.066054,-85.134321&spn=0.002419,0.002342&hnear=Union+City,+Branch,+Michigan&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=42.066054,-85.134321&panoid=cFstMhOCXrt8iGlGET_EPQ&cbp=12,48.29,,0,-2.06">Union City, Michigan</a>. Biographical information and photographs will be presented when they are available. Each veteran's name is associated with a location number, representing the position on the Memorial Wall where the name may be found. The number is comprised of the following parts: <ul> <li>F = FRONT - Front side of the wall is facing the bridge.</li> <li>B = BACK - Back side of the wall is facing the flag.</li> <li>C = CENTER - Larger column of names are in the middle of the wall.</li> <li>R = RIGHT SIDE - All names to the right side of center column.</li> <li>L = LEFT SIDE - All columns of names to the left side of center column.</li> </ul> <img src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_key.png" alt="Veteran's Wall Key" /> For example, Thomas Madden's Veteran's location number is BR-7-16. His name is on the back of the wall, right side of the center column, in the 7th column, and the 16th name from the top. (Back Right - column 7 - 16th from top) - BR - 7 - 16 For example, John R Lake's Veteran's location number is FL-4-08. His name is on the front of the wall, left side of the center column, in the 4th column, and the 8th name from the top. (Front Left - column 4 - 8th from top): FL - 4 - 8 The Veteran's Wall is made by the American Legion Post #196. This Veteran's Wall index was made by Kathyleen Madden and presented by the Branch District Library. If you have a question or wish to add information to this index, please write to us via the "<a href="https://www.branchdistrictlibrary.org/contact_us">Contact Us</a>" link on any page, or: <dl><dd>American Legion Post #196</dd><dd>Attention: Bob Miller</dd><dd>P.O. Box 131</dd><dd>Union City, MI 49094-0131</dd></dl> -or- <dl><dd>Kathyleen Madden</dd><dd>3467 9 1/2 Mile Road</dd><dd>Burlington, MI 49029-8736</dd></dl> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kathyleen Madden Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Veteran's Memorial Wall of Union City Last Name Potter First Name Leo Lcation Number number for each Veteran on the wall FR-1-20 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Potter, Leo https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/e880c4cb98e51b50d79c8d4d611029a0.jpg 31f18fd043e0f3a96d7a29025ac0ab31 https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/831cb875d1d3142ec7424779f48d0904.png 8be83e54321b54d8bf7bd198b99959e3 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union City Veteran's Park Memorial Wall Description An account of the resource <div style="float: right; margin: 10px 0 0 5px;"><img style="background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; margin: -6px 6px 6px -6px; padding: 4px;" src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_montage.jpg" alt="Veterans Wall Montage" /></div> This collection is an index of the names on the Veteran's Memorial Wall in <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=union+city+michigan&ll=42.066054,-85.134321&spn=0.002419,0.002342&hnear=Union+City,+Branch,+Michigan&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=42.066054,-85.134321&panoid=cFstMhOCXrt8iGlGET_EPQ&cbp=12,48.29,,0,-2.06">Union City, Michigan</a>. Biographical information and photographs will be presented when they are available. Each veteran's name is associated with a location number, representing the position on the Memorial Wall where the name may be found. The number is comprised of the following parts: <ul> <li>F = FRONT - Front side of the wall is facing the bridge.</li> <li>B = BACK - Back side of the wall is facing the flag.</li> <li>C = CENTER - Larger column of names are in the middle of the wall.</li> <li>R = RIGHT SIDE - All names to the right side of center column.</li> <li>L = LEFT SIDE - All columns of names to the left side of center column.</li> </ul> <img src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_key.png" alt="Veteran's Wall Key" /> For example, Thomas Madden's Veteran's location number is BR-7-16. His name is on the back of the wall, right side of the center column, in the 7th column, and the 16th name from the top. (Back Right - column 7 - 16th from top) - BR - 7 - 16 For example, John R Lake's Veteran's location number is FL-4-08. His name is on the front of the wall, left side of the center column, in the 4th column, and the 8th name from the top. (Front Left - column 4 - 8th from top): FL - 4 - 8 The Veteran's Wall is made by the American Legion Post #196. This Veteran's Wall index was made by Kathyleen Madden and presented by the Branch District Library. If you have a question or wish to add information to this index, please write to us via the "<a href="https://www.branchdistrictlibrary.org/contact_us">Contact Us</a>" link on any page, or: <dl><dd>American Legion Post #196</dd><dd>Attention: Bob Miller</dd><dd>P.O. Box 131</dd><dd>Union City, MI 49094-0131</dd></dl> -or- <dl><dd>Kathyleen Madden</dd><dd>3467 9 1/2 Mile Road</dd><dd>Burlington, MI 49029-8736</dd></dl> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kathyleen Madden Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Veteran's Memorial Wall of Union City Last Name Powell First Name Chris Middle Name J. Lcation Number number for each Veteran on the wall FR-2-02 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Powell, Chris J. https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/c8e23aff75f731edf317257749c8f7bf.jpg bce74bcca1ddd49150be3e9efb6ab515 https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/41c0f3ea7afe7789e666ee48b97f15d3.png eeafd57be538347b033173c657f4c638 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union City Veteran's Park Memorial Wall Description An account of the resource <div style="float: right; margin: 10px 0 0 5px;"><img style="background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; margin: -6px 6px 6px -6px; padding: 4px;" src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_montage.jpg" alt="Veterans Wall Montage" /></div> This collection is an index of the names on the Veteran's Memorial Wall in <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=union+city+michigan&ll=42.066054,-85.134321&spn=0.002419,0.002342&hnear=Union+City,+Branch,+Michigan&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=42.066054,-85.134321&panoid=cFstMhOCXrt8iGlGET_EPQ&cbp=12,48.29,,0,-2.06">Union City, Michigan</a>. Biographical information and photographs will be presented when they are available. Each veteran's name is associated with a location number, representing the position on the Memorial Wall where the name may be found. The number is comprised of the following parts: <ul> <li>F = FRONT - Front side of the wall is facing the bridge.</li> <li>B = BACK - Back side of the wall is facing the flag.</li> <li>C = CENTER - Larger column of names are in the middle of the wall.</li> <li>R = RIGHT SIDE - All names to the right side of center column.</li> <li>L = LEFT SIDE - All columns of names to the left side of center column.</li> </ul> <img src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_key.png" alt="Veteran's Wall Key" /> For example, Thomas Madden's Veteran's location number is BR-7-16. His name is on the back of the wall, right side of the center column, in the 7th column, and the 16th name from the top. (Back Right - column 7 - 16th from top) - BR - 7 - 16 For example, John R Lake's Veteran's location number is FL-4-08. His name is on the front of the wall, left side of the center column, in the 4th column, and the 8th name from the top. (Front Left - column 4 - 8th from top): FL - 4 - 8 The Veteran's Wall is made by the American Legion Post #196. This Veteran's Wall index was made by Kathyleen Madden and presented by the Branch District Library. If you have a question or wish to add information to this index, please write to us via the "<a href="https://www.branchdistrictlibrary.org/contact_us">Contact Us</a>" link on any page, or: <dl><dd>American Legion Post #196</dd><dd>Attention: Bob Miller</dd><dd>P.O. Box 131</dd><dd>Union City, MI 49094-0131</dd></dl> -or- <dl><dd>Kathyleen Madden</dd><dd>3467 9 1/2 Mile Road</dd><dd>Burlington, MI 49029-8736</dd></dl> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kathyleen Madden Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Veteran's Memorial Wall of Union City Last Name Powell First Name Clifford Lcation Number number for each Veteran on the wall FR-1-18 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Powell, Clifford https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/d1328d84f18a4e1f73d4f07dbd8aa65f.jpg aae4e2c1e392f492eecfd3c7f01c011c https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/c48fbfda6010e29d74f9107c79c156cc.png cc216c12d6ead6e501be0a4ef3cf6bdd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union City Veteran's Park Memorial Wall Description An account of the resource <div style="float: right; margin: 10px 0 0 5px;"><img style="background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; margin: -6px 6px 6px -6px; padding: 4px;" src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_montage.jpg" alt="Veterans Wall Montage" /></div> This collection is an index of the names on the Veteran's Memorial Wall in <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=union+city+michigan&ll=42.066054,-85.134321&spn=0.002419,0.002342&hnear=Union+City,+Branch,+Michigan&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=42.066054,-85.134321&panoid=cFstMhOCXrt8iGlGET_EPQ&cbp=12,48.29,,0,-2.06">Union City, Michigan</a>. Biographical information and photographs will be presented when they are available. Each veteran's name is associated with a location number, representing the position on the Memorial Wall where the name may be found. The number is comprised of the following parts: <ul> <li>F = FRONT - Front side of the wall is facing the bridge.</li> <li>B = BACK - Back side of the wall is facing the flag.</li> <li>C = CENTER - Larger column of names are in the middle of the wall.</li> <li>R = RIGHT SIDE - All names to the right side of center column.</li> <li>L = LEFT SIDE - All columns of names to the left side of center column.</li> </ul> <img src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_key.png" alt="Veteran's Wall Key" /> For example, Thomas Madden's Veteran's location number is BR-7-16. His name is on the back of the wall, right side of the center column, in the 7th column, and the 16th name from the top. (Back Right - column 7 - 16th from top) - BR - 7 - 16 For example, John R Lake's Veteran's location number is FL-4-08. His name is on the front of the wall, left side of the center column, in the 4th column, and the 8th name from the top. (Front Left - column 4 - 8th from top): FL - 4 - 8 The Veteran's Wall is made by the American Legion Post #196. This Veteran's Wall index was made by Kathyleen Madden and presented by the Branch District Library. If you have a question or wish to add information to this index, please write to us via the "<a href="https://www.branchdistrictlibrary.org/contact_us">Contact Us</a>" link on any page, or: <dl><dd>American Legion Post #196</dd><dd>Attention: Bob Miller</dd><dd>P.O. Box 131</dd><dd>Union City, MI 49094-0131</dd></dl> -or- <dl><dd>Kathyleen Madden</dd><dd>3467 9 1/2 Mile Road</dd><dd>Burlington, MI 49029-8736</dd></dl> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kathyleen Madden Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Veteran's Memorial Wall of Union City Last Name Powell First Name Clifford Middle Name W. Lcation Number number for each Veteran on the wall BL-4-14 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Powell, Clifford W. https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/4c49c8d8862ec614481117b00e96bc53.jpg bce74bcca1ddd49150be3e9efb6ab515 https://branchdistrictlibrary.org/archive/files/original/9abc71276f9ee2c5986fba244b7cc5d4.png eeafd57be538347b033173c657f4c638 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Union City Veteran's Park Memorial Wall Description An account of the resource <div style="float: right; margin: 10px 0 0 5px;"><img style="background-color: #ffffff; border: 1px solid #a9a9a9; margin: -6px 6px 6px -6px; padding: 4px;" src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_montage.jpg" alt="Veterans Wall Montage" /></div> This collection is an index of the names on the Veteran's Memorial Wall in <a href="https://maps.google.com/maps?q=union+city+michigan&ll=42.066054,-85.134321&spn=0.002419,0.002342&hnear=Union+City,+Branch,+Michigan&t=h&z=19&layer=c&cbll=42.066054,-85.134321&panoid=cFstMhOCXrt8iGlGET_EPQ&cbp=12,48.29,,0,-2.06">Union City, Michigan</a>. Biographical information and photographs will be presented when they are available. Each veteran's name is associated with a location number, representing the position on the Memorial Wall where the name may be found. The number is comprised of the following parts: <ul> <li>F = FRONT - Front side of the wall is facing the bridge.</li> <li>B = BACK - Back side of the wall is facing the flag.</li> <li>C = CENTER - Larger column of names are in the middle of the wall.</li> <li>R = RIGHT SIDE - All names to the right side of center column.</li> <li>L = LEFT SIDE - All columns of names to the left side of center column.</li> </ul> <img src="/images/union_city_veterans_wall_key.png" alt="Veteran's Wall Key" /> For example, Thomas Madden's Veteran's location number is BR-7-16. His name is on the back of the wall, right side of the center column, in the 7th column, and the 16th name from the top. (Back Right - column 7 - 16th from top) - BR - 7 - 16 For example, John R Lake's Veteran's location number is FL-4-08. His name is on the front of the wall, left side of the center column, in the 4th column, and the 8th name from the top. (Front Left - column 4 - 8th from top): FL - 4 - 8 The Veteran's Wall is made by the American Legion Post #196. This Veteran's Wall index was made by Kathyleen Madden and presented by the Branch District Library. If you have a question or wish to add information to this index, please write to us via the "<a href="https://www.branchdistrictlibrary.org/contact_us">Contact Us</a>" link on any page, or: <dl><dd>American Legion Post #196</dd><dd>Attention: Bob Miller</dd><dd>P.O. Box 131</dd><dd>Union City, MI 49094-0131</dd></dl> -or- <dl><dd>Kathyleen Madden</dd><dd>3467 9 1/2 Mile Road</dd><dd>Burlington, MI 49029-8736</dd></dl> Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Kathyleen Madden Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 2013 Veteran's Memorial Wall of Union City Last Name Powell First Name Floyd Middle Name M. Lcation Number number for each Veteran on the wall FR-1-26 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Powell, Floyd M.